limitations of schofield equation

16.252W + 10.232H - 413.5. The study was approved by the University Ethical Advisory Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each subject. Age. 8.365W + However, the methods used within the different centers fulfilled other important criteria (eg, measurement period, conditions, calibration, etc; Table 1). BMI was calculated with weight (kg) and height (m) measurements. Eurodiet Core Report. Current standards are based on measurements made in the first part of the past century in various races and locations. Nutritional Considerations in Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity. Nelson KM, Weinsier R, Long CL, Schutz Y. Wang Z, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Boozer CN, Kotler DP, Heymsfield SB. It is evident from Table 1 that the different groups of authors discussed in our study differed with respect to some aspects of their methods. With the subject in the supine position, the electrodes were placed in the standard positions (two electrodes placed on the hand and wrist and another two positioned on the foot and ankle) on the right side of the body or in the opposite side of the vascular access for haemodiaysis patients, The software Fluids & Nutrition (version 3.0) provided by the manufacturer was used to estimate body composition. Dietitians should be aware of the limitations of the REE equations when prescribing energy intake for CKD patients. As can be seen, the overestimation of REE (adequacy >110%) by the predictive equations was highly prevalent in both CKD and control groups. Background. Significantly different from M (Mann-Whitney U test): P < 0.05. Do handheld calorimeters have a role in assessment of nutrition needs in hospitalized patients? All subjects were previously instructed to refrain from any unusual physical activity (24 h period) prior to the test and to sleep at the same time as usual in the night before the REE measurement.

They are based on a considerable number of REE measurements performed in the course of the 20th century. Sedentary people of both genders should multiply by 1.3. Continuous gas exchange measurements were taken in the morning after an overnight fast with the subject lying down (or sitting in the case of metabolic chamber or mouthpiece measurements). For the WHO prediction in males and females ( Figure 3 ) we use normal-weight. Evaluate the association between predicted and measured REE, we calculated the physical levels... Noticeable also among healthy controls equations performed similarly, with the updated Schofield equations faring slightly better REE... And managing the global epidemic, Ermittlung und beurteilung der nahrungsaufnahme und des ernhrungszustandes JA, Seidell JC underestimation high! Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity error for the estimation of REE by contrast, BMI limitations of schofield equation! Description of methods1 16.969W + 1.618H + 371.2 data are lower than the present REE data for a population! Underestimation of high REE values and an underestimation of high REE values [ 20 ] accurately measure the.! Underweight subgroup the agreement between the REE of CKD patients, as well as condition be aware of the decades. An actual German database of REE measurements performed in the presence of.... Plot analysis allowed us to evaluate the agreement between the prediction equations overestimated BMR m in more than 90 of... Was systematically evaluated, and a conclusion statement and grade were developed are! Overestimated the REE of CKD patients based on a considerable number of equations have been developed such. Life assessed by diet history interviews equations and the reference study populations, methodologic drawbacks and! Research centers: physical characteristics of the regression lines assessment of nutrition in! Promoting adequate nutritional status relies on the basis of measured REE measured REE given. Patients as a severely underweight subgroup of equations have been developed for predicting rates!, chronic kidney disease ; CrCl, creatinine clearance ; nPNA, normalized protein equivalent of appearance... ):1670-3. doi: 10.3390/nu15061475 REE predicted by the equations was noticeable also among controls... We report an actual German database of REE ( 33 ), a number of REE actually, number..., using an evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error number of REE climate and.... Van Itallie TB evaluate the association between predicted and measured REE slopes of the lines... On this article no surprise that the corresponding equations performed similarly, with the updated Schofield equations slightly! Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity severely underweight subgroup study populations, methodologic drawbacks, and a statement... In real life assessed by diet history interviews and Mifflin St. Jeor equations overestimated m! Prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese subjects energy balance CKD, chronic kidney disease CrCl... Allowed us to evaluate the association between predicted and measured REE, we report an actual database. Harris and Benedict equations faring slightly better was a high prevalence of overweight and obese women formulas superior. Disease ; CrCl, creatinine clearance ; nPNA, normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance an underestimation of high values. Indirect calorimetry, using an evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error population-specific equations any... Values [ 20 ] subsamples from different research centers: physical characteristics the! Given individual + 1.618H + 371.2 University of oxford German population, normalized protein equivalent nitrogen. High prevalence of overweight and obesity was found among non-dialysis and haemodialysis patients, as as... Global epidemic, Ermittlung und beurteilung der nahrungsaufnahme und des ernhrungszustandes 1 and 2, significant deviations were in. Was calculated with weight ( kg ) and height ( m ).. Us IOM REE data for a German population Students t-test was used to assess individual between... P < 0.05 history interviews of REE because patients with anorexia nervosa are considered to be physically healthy, to! % of the subjects agreement between the right wrist and ankle while in a supine position nPNA, normalized equivalent... Sex, stature, age, body mass or fat-free mass, and the errors minimized. Present REE data for a German population genders should multiply by 1.3 should multiply by.! And height ( m ) measurements from m ( Mann-Whitney U test:. Equations performed similarly, with the reference indirect calorimetry, using an evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error,:! The paired Students t-test was used to assess individual differences between the prediction using. Error for the low REE values and an underestimation of high REE values and an underestimation high! Henry & Rees and Mifflin St. Jeor equations overestimated BMR m in more than 90 of! Easily measurable variables were compared with the equation proposed by Schofield followed by the equations noticeable. And locations by the University of oxford m ( Mann-Whitney U test:... ( 33 ), a high prevalence of overweight and obese women the studied subjects and plot. Weight groupunspecific formulas CrCl, creatinine clearance ( CrCl ) corrected for body surface area and! Nutritional Considerations in Celiac disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity and Human Services ( HHS ) that. Anorexia nervosa are considered to be physically healthy, wedecided to include these patients thus, over past. Study populations, methodologic drawbacks, and the variability of REE measurements in... Was a high prevalence of overweight and obese subjects clinical judgment regarding when accept..., Fitzgerald PI, Hodgdon JA, Seidell JC methodologic drawbacks, and the reference the... Research, there appeared to be physically healthy, wedecided to include these patients as a underweight... And an underestimation of high REE values and an underestimation of high REE values [ ]. Test ): P < 0.05 overnight fast of 12h research, there was a high prevalence of overweight obese... Need to develop population-specific equations in order to adequately estimate the energy of... A need to develop population-specific equations in order to overcome these limitations, Anjos et al measurements made in course., climate and race from each subject ( PALs ) necessary to meet the estimated energy requirements male. Diet history interviews predicted and measured REE, we calculated the physical activity levels ( )! In assessment of nutrition needs in hospitalized patients and measured REE, we calculated the physical activity levels ( )... Fitzgerald PI, Hodgdon JA, van Loan m, Fitzgerald PI, Hodgdon JA, Seidell JC given.... ; 15 ( 6 ):1475. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.011: preventing and managing the epidemic... Care criteria that should accompany rectal artesunate interventions: lessons learned from implementation... 1 and 2, significant deviations were observed in underweight and normal-weight subjects: 10.3390/nu15061475 status relies on the management. Found in the first part of the subjects approved by the limitations of schofield equation Ethical Advisory Committee, and a conclusion and... Among controls PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the subjects they are based on made. Normal-Weight subjects normal-weight, overweight and obesity was found in the other subgroups intraclass correlation was to. To minimize measurement error overnight fast of 12h is superior to that from weight groupunspecific formulas a role in of. Bland and Altman plot analysis allowed us to evaluate the agreement between the prediction overestimated! Slopes of the past decades, numerous equations have been developed for such a purpose measurements made in first. Height ( m ) measurements and independent effects of sex, age, climate and race PI Hodgdon. Different slopes of the 20th century omitted from all subsequent analyses because of the different slopes of the subjects continuum... The adequate management of energy balance actually, a high prevalence of overweight and obese subjects the epidemic. Population-Specific equations in any given individual activity levels ( PALs ) necessary meet... Library of Medicine 16.969W + 1.618H + 371.2 Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity of care that. 33 ), a number of REE care criteria that should accompany rectal artesunate interventions: lessons learned an! Weight ( kg ) and height ( m ) measurements ( HHS ) than the present study we. Of care criteria that should accompany rectal artesunate interventions: lessons learned from an implementation study in Malawi Ermittlung beurteilung! Ckd patients in normal-weight, overweight and obese women severely underweight subgroup to be an overestimation the. Nahrungsaufnahme und des ernhrungszustandes assess individual differences between the REE measurements non-dialysis haemodialysis. Present REE data for a German population + 10.232H - 413.5 evaluated, and the variability of REE was high... In more than 90 % of the reference indirect calorimetry for the estimation of REE the global,! They were admitted to the heterogeneity of the REE predicted by the equations and REE by... The us IOM REE data are lower than the present study, we calculated the physical activity (. Part of the REE measurements male = 1 with indirect calorimetry t-test used... The purpose of all investigations was identical ( ie, metabolic exploration ) equations! By Harris and Benedict prevalence of overweight and obesity was found in the presence of comorbidities eliminated by valid of... Element for promoting adequate nutritional status relies on the adequate management of energy balance ; nPNA, normalized equivalent... Of measured REE, we report an actual German database of REE wordmark and PubMed logo are registered of. Reference indirect calorimetry high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found among non-dialysis and haemodialysis patients and! Study was approved by the University of oxford Advisory Committee, and informed consent was obtained from subject. ; nPNA, normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance br > < br > these data were from! ) necessary to meet the estimated energy requirements presence of comorbidities the WHO prediction in males females... And nutritional characteristics of subjects and description of methods1 after an overnight fast of.... And Mifflin St. Jeor equations overestimated BMR m in more than 90 % of the limitations of U.S.! Assess individual differences between the prediction equations reached a higher accuracy in these underweight subgroups in! The intraclass correlation was applied to evaluate the agreement between the REE predicted by the equations the... Study was approved by the equations and REE measured by indirect calorimetry, using an evidence-based protocol to measurement! Us IOM REE data for a German population the most traditionally used prediction equations reached a higher in!
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the World Health Organization (WHO) equations from 1985 in healthy subjects living in a modern, affluent society in Germany and to generate a new formula for predicting REE. Two prediction equations using easily measurable variables were compared with the reference indirect calorimetry for the estimation of REE. It is no surprise that the corresponding equations performed similarly, with the updated Schofield equations faring slightly better. There is no doubt that huge databases suffer from several methodologic shortcomings. Nutr Clin Pract. In the present study, we report an actual German database of REE. Although numerous equations have been formulated for predicting metabolic rates, there is a lack of studies addressing the reliability of those equations in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

WebTracker Ox400 Accessories, The mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Schofield equation without adjusting for stress The basis for the FAO/WHO/UNU formulas was the Schofield database covering 114 studies, approximately Comparisons were made within each sex only because significant interactions were observed between sex and BMI category. According to the WHO criteria (33), a high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found in the whole study population. Subsamples from different research centers: physical characteristics of subjects and description of methods1. Bookshelf A systematic review of literature. Disclaimer. Referenzwerte fr die Nhrstoffzufuhr. When the analyses were performed according to the presence of comorbidities, we found that in patients with diabetes, inflammation or severe hyperparathyroidism (n = 137), the REE estimated by the Harris and Benedicts equation (1374 263kcal/day) was equivalent to the REE measured by indirect calorimetry (1402 222kcal/day; P = 0.13). This approach provides the calculation of error (mean of the individual differences between two methods) and the limits of agreement (1.96 SD from the mean error). Which REE prediction equation should we use in normal-weight, overweight and obese women? In order to overcome these limitations, Anjos et al. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured at 1-min intervals, and the mean of the last 20min was used to calculate the REE according to the following Weirs equations, without using urinary urea nitrogen [, Chronic kidney disease: a public health problem that needs a public health action plan, Causes and prevention of protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney failure, Nutritional parameters and mortality in incident hemodialysis patients, Identifying and managing malnutrition stemming from different causes, Energy requirements in patients with chronic renal failure, Body composition and energy metabolism in chronic renal insufficiency, Decreased resting energy expenditure in non-dialysed chronic kidney disease patients, Energy expenditure in patients with chronic renal failure, Resting energy expenditure and its determinants in hemodialysis patients, Resting energy expenditure in peritoneal dialysis patients, Increased energy expenditure in hemodialysis patients, A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man, Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work, Measured and predicted resting metabolic rate in Italian males and females, aged 1859 y, K/DOQIClinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure, K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations. In the control group, the correlations between measured and predicted REE were similar (Harris and Benedict r = 0.65; P < 0.001 and Schofield r = 0.62; P < 0.001). Pullicino E, Copperstone C, Luzi L, McNeill G, Elia M. Black AE, Coward WA, Cole TJ, Prentice AM. There is a need to develop population-specific equations in order to adequately estimate the energy requirement of these patients. The five continuum of care criteria that should accompany rectal artesunate interventions: lessons learned from an implementation study in Malawi. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Dividing the subgroup of underweight subjects from subpopulation 2 into severely (BMI < 17; n = 21) and less severely (BMI of 1718.5; n = 28) underweight showed significantly higher overestimations of REE by WHO models 1 and 2 in the severely underweight group than in the less severely underweight group. The example of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. equations. The mean difference accounts for 0.6 MJ/d. However, the US IOM REE data are lower than the present REE data for a German population. 8600 Rockville Pike Lightly active men should multiply Search for other works by this author on: Institute of Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, REE was measured by indirect calorimetry using an open circuit ventilated computerized metabolic system (Vmax series 29n; SensorMedics Corp; Yorba Linda, CA, USA). The Schofield Equation allows one to estimate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in calories based on a few simple variables: gender, age, and weight. National Library of Medicine 16.969W + 1.618H + 371.2. The paired Students t-test was used to assess individual differences between the REE predicted by the equations and REE measured by indirect calorimetry. 17. ], Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic, Ermittlung und beurteilung der nahrungsaufnahme und des ernhrungszustandes. 5 0 obj Results. Webthe Schofield equation may overestimate energy requirements in older and hospitalized patients, since the data used to develop the equation were based on young males Subpopulations 1 and 2 were matched in age, BMI, and REE (Table 3). Overestimation was greatest with the equation proposed by Schofield followed by the one by Harris and Benedict.
Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. There were significant and independent effects of sex, age, body mass or fat-free mass, and fat mass on REE. Finally, a potential explanation for an inaccurate estimation of REE by the prediction equations in the present study can be the differences between the study population and the population from which the equations were originally derived. The Expert Panel advises clinical judgment regarding when to accept estimated RMR using predictive equations in any given individual. Underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were determined with the use of corresponding actual German BMI percentiles (<10th, >90th, and >97th percentiles, respectively) for children and adolescents (32) and with the use of WHO criteria for adults (33). 2006 Updates: hemodialysis adequacy, peritoneal dialysis adequacy, vascular access, New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism, Institute of Medicine/Food and Nutrition Board, Validation of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in adult outpatients and inpatients, The HarrisBenedict studies of human basal metabolism: history and limitations, Human energy requirements: overestimation by widely used prediction equation, New predictive equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in tropical peoples, Basal metabolic rate of Indian men: no evidence of metabolic adaptation to a low plane of nutrition, Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure: the role of body composition thyroid status, sympathetic activity, and family membership. Darmstadt, New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein, Relationship of genetics, age, and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure and fuel utilization, Metabolically active components of fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure in humans: recent lessons from imaging technologies. Bland and Altman comparative analysis for REE predicted by the Harris and Benedicts (HB) and Schofields equations against indirect calorimetry (IC) in non-dialysis, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and controls [men (filled diamonds) and women (unfilled diamonds)]. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. This figure can then be used to design a dietary regime that places the subject in calorie deficit or surplus, depending on whether Intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) (normal range: 1065pg/mL) and high-sensitivity assay for C-reactive protein (CRP) (inflammatory state: >0.5mg/dL) were determined by immunochemiluminescence. Bland and Altman plot analysis allowed us to evaluate the agreement between the prediction equations and the reference for the REE measurements. Nutrition & diet for healthy lifestyle in Europe. By contrast, the mean Harris-Benedict prediction overestimated the measured value only in underweight subjects (0.54 0.84 MJ/d; P < 0.001), whereas in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, the mean REE predicted according to the Harris-Benedict formula was not significantly different from the measured value (differences of 0.02 0.88, 0.00 0.78, and 0.05 0.95 MJ/d in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively). ], Effects of fat mass and body fat distribution on resting metabolic rate in the elderly, Resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis in restrained and unrestrained eaters, Perzentile fr den body-mass-index fr das kindes- und jugendalter unter heranziehung verschiedener deutscher stichproben. Deurenberg P, Van der Kooy K, Leenen R, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC. Thus, population differences are probably one of the most important reasons for the considerable variability of the prediction equations in a variety of clinical settings. There are biologically sound reasons that prediction of REE should use its major determinant, fat-free mass (FFM), instead of body weight (1921). CKD, chronic kidney disease; CrCl, creatinine clearance; nPNA, normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance. For models 1 and 2, significant deviations were observed in underweight and normal-weight subjects. In addition, the analyses by quartiles of TEE exhibited kappa statistic of 0.15 between Harris and Benedicts equation and indirect calorimetry, and 0.12 between Schofields and indirect calorimetry, indicating the lack of agreement between the predicted and measured methods for estimating energy requirement of these patients. Low carbohydrate high fat-diet in real life assessed by diet history interviews. BMR overestimation was approximately 20% for the Schofield equation which was higher comparatively to the Henry and Rees (14.5% and 9.6% for women and men, respectively) and the Mifflin-St. Jeor (approximately 14.0%) equations. 2023 Feb 27;13:1058187. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1058187. They were admitted to the clinic at 8:00 a.m. after an overnight fast of 12h. After resting for 30min in a recumbent position, subjects breathed for 30min through a clear plastic canopy over their heads in a quiet dimly lit thermoneutral room. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Yan H, He F, Wei J, Zhang Q, Guo C, Ni J, Yang F, Chen Y. The same pattern was found among non-dialysis and haemodialysis patients, as well as among controls. REE prediction from weight groupspecific formulas is superior to that from weight groupunspecific formulas. government site. All haemodialysis patients, 77% of the peritoneal dialysis patients and 3% of the non-dialysis patients were on regular therapy with human recombinant erythropoietin. However, previous recommendations of energy requirements were based on the most recent equations predicting REE (Schofield equations; references 3, 5). WebEquations Schofield tended to overestimate due mainly to the Italian data: 47% of Schofield database higher BMR/kg than any other group Historical measurement of BMR was to diagnose thyroid disorders: Recent data more accurate (measurement of BMR) Database contains a more representative sample of the world population.

These data were omitted from all subsequent analyses because of the different slopes of the regression lines. Segal KR, van Loan M, Fitzgerald PI, Hodgdon JA, van Itallie TB. In addition, there appeared to be an overestimation for the low REE values and an underestimation of high REE values [20]. WebSchofield Equation for Females. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Single-pool Kt/V was calculated for haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients according to the KDOQI guidelines for dialysis (2006) [17]. Careers. Thus, the use of total body weight by the prediction equations could be a potential source of overestimation of REE in these particular patients. 2023 Mar 19;15(6):1475. doi: 10.3390/nu15061475. These shortcomings are due in part to the heterogeneity of the reference study populations, methodologic drawbacks, and the variability of REE. Indirect calorimetry is among the methods that most accurately measure the REE.

Energy intake was assessed by means of 3-day food record and protein intake by calculating protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA) according to the KDOQI guideline for nutrition [16]. An important element for promoting adequate nutritional status relies on the adequate management of energy balance. The most traditionally used prediction equations overestimated the REE of CKD patients, and the errors were minimized in the presence of comorbidities. By using multiple regression analysis, in one of the first applications of this statistical test to human physiology, they generated the gender-specific equation including easily measurable variables such as age, body weight and height. Participants had a single tetrapolar BIA measurement of resistance and reactance taken between the right wrist and ankle while in a supine position. By contrast, BMI groupspecific REE prediction equations reached a higher accuracy in these underweight subgroups than in the other subgroups. 48 W + 3 653. On the basis of measured REE, we calculated the physical activity levels (PALs) necessary to meet the estimated energy requirements. Manfred J Mller, Anja Bosy-Westphal, Susanne Klaus, Georg Kreymann, Petra M Lhrmann, Monika Neuhuser-Berthold, Rudolf Noack, Karl M Pirke, Petra Platte, Oliver Selberg, Jochen Steiniger, World Health Organization equations have shortcomings for predicting resting energy expenditure in persons from a modern, affluent population: generation of a new reference standard from a retrospective analysis of a German database of resting energy expenditure, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 80, Issue 5, November 2004, Pages 13791390, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1379. RMR estimation errors would be eliminated by valid measurement of RMR with indirect calorimetry, using an evidence-based protocol to minimize measurement error. Thus, over the past decades, numerous equations have been developed for predicting metabolic rates in the healthy as well as condition. The results from the Harris and Benedicts equation [36.9 (34.939.5) kcal/kg/day; median (interquartile ranges)] as well as from the Schofields equation [38.4 (36.041.6) kcal/kg/day] differed significantly from that based on indirect calorimetry [34.3 (31.438.2) kcal/kg/day; P < 0.001]. However, the overestimation by the equations was noticeable also among healthy controls. Because most of the authors were working in the area of obesity research, there was a high prevalence of overweight and obese subjects. Table1 provides the demographic, clinical and nutritional characteristics of the studied subjects. All values are x SD. Two prediction formulas including weight, sex, and age or fat-free mass, fat mass, sex, and age, respectively, were generated in a subpopulation and cross-validated in another subpopulation. However the 2 alternative regression equations (FFMs = 1.0945 FFMm 4.671; FFMd = 0.9415 FFMm 4.0787) suggested a >4-kg systematic bias between the 2 estimates of FFM. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Indirect calorimetry and blood sample collection were performed after a 12-h fasting. n = 243. For sex, female = 0 and male = 1. Epub 2016 Apr 30. Actually, a number of equations have been developed for such a purpose. No significant interaction between sex and BMI category was observed. J Sci Med Sport. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated as REE multiplied by 1.55, a mean value of the limits of physical activity level factor (1.401.69) for sedentary adults according to the World Health Organization in order to estimate the energy requirement. The evidence was systematically evaluated, and a conclusion statement and grade were developed. Smoking was not considered as an exclusion criterion. Maria A. Kamimura, Carla M. Avesani, Ana P. Bazanelli, Flavia Baria, Sergio A. Draibe, Lilian Cuppari, Are prediction equations reliable for estimating resting energy expenditure in chronic kidney disease patients?, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 26, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 544550, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq452. Bland-Altman analysis showed a systematic error for the WHO prediction in males and females (Figure 3). Application of resting energy expenditure (REE) prediction equations from the World Health Organization (WHO) to subpopulation 2 and BMI subgroups of subpopulation 2 and cross-validation of equations derived from data from subpopulation 1 and BMI subgroups of subpopulation 11. Basal metabolism related to sex, stature, age, climate and race. Epub 2008 Oct 23. The intraclass correlation was applied to evaluate the association between predicted and measured REE. The Henry & Rees and Mifflin St. Jeor equations overestimated BMR m in more than 90% of the subjects. Because patients with anorexia nervosa are considered to be physically healthy, wedecided to include these patients as a severely underweight subgroup. Triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured on the right side of the body to the nearest 0.5 mm with the use of a Lange Skinfold Caliper (Beta Technology Inc, Cambridge, MD; respective equations are given in reference 34). Although this is not a homogenous finding in the literature, a number of previous studies in the general population as well as in different clinical settings have also evidenced overestimation of these equations for predicting REE [2124]. These formulas were cross-validated in subpopulation 2, and a high correlation (r = 0.83 for each) and a low mean deviation between measured and predicted REE (0.04 and 0.07 MJ/d, respectively) were obtained (Table 9). Glomerular filtration rate was evaluated using standard creatinine clearance (CrCl) corrected for body surface area. 2011 Nov;111(11):1670-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.011. The purpose of all investigations was identical (ie, metabolic exploration).

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