discrepancy between receptive and expressive language scores

A Manual from Communicaid: Assessment of Oro Motor Skills in Toddlers. However, there was greater improvement in English than in Spanish. 0000002715 00000 n Between attending classes and studying for exams, to working part-time and experiencing social pressures, theres a lot to balance. 0 What Are the Symptoms of Expressive Language Disorder?

They set lots of rules, e.g. To understand your childs test scores, you need to know the following: During your childs assessment, you might have noticed that the speech pathologist seemed to be reading off a script at times.

6 questions speech pathologists should ask before assessment, Lifting our game: using language sampling to improve language therapy, To help teenagers with language challenges, we need to go beyond words and sentences, What children with Developmental Language Disorder tell us about their relationships with peers and what we should do in response. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". about: Speech pathologists must follow these rules every time they do the test for the test results to be valid.. <> For example, standardised, norm-referenced speech and language tests like the ones listed above: which can all affect a childs performance on speech and language tasks; and. 129 0 obj startxref "w10@d\ bm~3[P]Y,p E30Vis v *Tfm%P M[p Regression analyses revealed that variables predicting both receptive and expressive vocabulary scores failed to predict the receptiveexpressive gap. WebReceptive and expressive language disorders are conditions that cause a child to struggle with effective communication. Psychiatry 49, 4350.

0000005456 00000 n Infant and toddler oral- and manual-motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism. <>

0000005697 00000 n about: which parts of the test to give your child;, whether we are allowed to repeat instructions or give clues; and. So might her speech pathologist. HUn0} rP}0K=QJF^E R(CxvXj/U+`08{$|Q( Zi*.'Yd/OEr/VZL?H#TB6GT@"ChnG? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. <> endobj As you can see: Confusingly, different tests use different terms to describe levels or degrees of language or speech problems. Whilst sensory issues in children on the autism spectrum have received considerable attention of late, the motor issues have not and need to be assessed in all children with autism spectrum conditions whether they appear to have motor difficulties or not. WebThe Receptive Language Index is a measure of Petit's performance on three tests designed to best probe receptive aspects of language including comprehension and listening. 148 0 obj <> If you dont understand the results or anything else in your childs assessment report just ask! As you can see from the diagram, Child 1 scored below the normal range on almost all of the sub-tests. 0000007294 00000 n Figure 4. 0000028979 00000 n 0000005131 00000 n She has a cat named Hendrix and they spend most of their time binge watching Netflix shows, trying out recipes on their Instant Pot, and patiently waiting for her husband to give her the green light to adopt a dog!
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Aluri, U. They were administered a battery of two receptive and two expressive language measures. 0000005861 00000 n 5, 145. Behavioural study of twin pairs suggests a partly genetic basis for covariation of clinical communicative impairment and motor (finger-tapping) impairment (Bishop, 2002). Lets look at Child 1s results, for example: For most common norm-referenced, standardised tests (including the CELF-5), the number of children tested is so large that the scores of the people taking it form a bell-shaped or normal curve when plotted on a graph. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. And while both are key components to language, theres more to it than just that. /Size 206 /Prev 172896 WebPediatric HIV disease is associated with differential receptive and expressive language functioning in which expressive language is significantly more impaired than receptive language. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Following simple to multistep directions (ex., Give Daddy the ball, Pick up your toy and put it on the table, Stand up, push in your chair, and go to the door.), 2. Following the period of intervention the motor-impaired group did not achieve as proficient post-intervention oral motor function, and across the entire sample the learning rates for both receptive and expressive language were highly correlated with the learning rate for oral motor skills. Web Correlation coefficients between the BSRA-3 SRC and PLS-4: Corrected r: .65 with the PLS-4 Auditory Comprehension score, .61 with the Expressive Communication score, and .66 with the Total Language Score. Both variables, KDT initiation as well as duration, had a positive effect on the overall IQ score. Scores within these ranges are considered normal. e9X1RJsFDk#Ji/ck2~$J XaLr.q~cO+[blcqb[z3@i^?b?Vl)T =HT'&{2|'R D*d*DacT*pO$7FS>%#$}: h|Gh(QE;H'k= `R .!p]GIOEF0R[2x^uX.f}F36"~@pOD|U%j0%xKlRH+z;MZk[e,[MXoXkbLaLL!x[_[X2q ]L&Y^9XpoVK<=X;u 7zjD/>"B8cL8~` : Talking is the main form of communication people think about when discussing expressive language. This includes how words are created and put together, the meaning of those words, and how to apply language in different social situations. Bangalore: The Com DEALL Trust. Developmental Coordination Disorder in children with specific language impairment: co-morbidity and impact on quality of life. endobj Understanding vocabulary words (concepts that help us describe, talk about time, or quantity), 4. Webimmersed in a second language (L2) score higher on tests of receptive vocabulary than expressive vocabulary IN THEIR FIRST LANGUAGE(L1). to communicate with another person. WebNeurological assessment showed no significant differences between the two groups.Conclusion: Although the study group showed a non-significant trend towards a lower score in the psychomotor development index than the reference group, significant differences at 12 months could not be demonstrated. Inferencing and making predictions based on a picture or story (ex., Showing a symbol such as a stop sign and asking, What do you think that means?; When reading a story, stop and ask, What do you think the character will do next?), Expressive language is our ability to communicate our thoughts and feelings through words, gestures, signs, and/or symbols. 136 0 obj doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01010-3, Gernsbacher, M. A., Sauer, E. A., Geye, H. M., Schweigert, E. K., and Goldsmith, H. H. (2007). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Manifestation of the Receptive-Expressive Gap in L1 . WebScores for the Concepts and Following Directions (receptive) sub-test were significantly lower than for the other receptive sub tests, while scores for the Expressive Vocabulary IUGR infants continued to have significantly lower weight, length and head circumference at 1 year. endobj showing that externalizing symptoms were negatively related to receptive language but not to expressive language . doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0204), Keywords: autism, non-verbal, oral motor, speech, language, dyspraxia, Citation: Belmonte MK, Saxena-Chandhok T, Cherian R, Muneer R, George L and Karanth P (2013) Oral motor deficits in speech-impaired children with autism. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. + The distribution of this receptive-expressive score difference was again bimodal (Table 3), though the two modes were not cleanly separated, with the lesser mode comprising mostly the receptive-impaired subgroup and the greater mode including the receptive-intact subgroup along with the motor-impaired group. Representation of internal models of action in the human brain. Front.Integr. endobj xen0E

<> Our early-intervention clinic develops 0000029819 00000 n 0000018686 00000 n Speech and language acquisition in particular, seem closely linked to mastery of oral motor skills in a subgroup of children with autism. Histogram of values of the receptive-expressive language difference (RL-EL) for the motor-intact receptive-impaired () and motor-intact receptive-intact () subgroups, and the motor-impaired () group. The causes of receptive language disorder are largely unknown, but several factors contribute to its development, including: In some cases, any damage to the brain (from trauma or a tumor) may also lead to receptive language disorder. Aim: To evaluate the neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months corrected age in preterm infants with and without severe intrauterine growth restriction.Methods: This prospective follow-up study included 37 infants with severe intrauterine growth restriction and 36 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants born between 26 and 34 weeks. endobj Evidence from preterm and full-term children, Language in Preterm Born Children: Atypical Development and Effects of Early Interventions on Neuroplasticity, Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Growth, Body Composition, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years Among Preterm Infants Fed an Exclusive Human Milk Diet in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Study, Presidential Address. Webreceptive and expressive language Age range: 5:0 through 21:11 examining the link between oral language and literacy; increased SLP involvement in RTI activities Core This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It can be as simple as pointing to a desired object or as complex as writing a book about an area of interest. WebThe receptive language scale assesses response to verbal directions, memory for general information and commands, and auditory concepts. 6 As such, many tests are. Oro-Motor Kit. Expressive Communication . Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation & Phonology (DEAP), Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Preschool-3 Australian and New Zealand Standardised Edition (CELF P-3 A&NZ), Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals Australian and New Zealand Fifth Edition (CELF-5), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fifth Edition (PPVT, Sutherland Phonological Awareness Test -Revised (SPAT-R), York Assessment of Reading for Comprehension (YARC) Australian Edition. endobj Neurosci. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. <> 120 0 obj The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder: toward a more inclusive world. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Oral motor issues when present could pose a considerable challenge to the acquisition of speech, as the motor-impaired group was distinguished from the motor-intact group by a lesser post-intervention oral motor score. Infants were assessed at 12 2 months corrected age with the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and the Bayley Scale for Infant Development version-II.Results: Both groups were similar in demographic characteristics and perinatal status. 107 0 obj 0000010563 00000 n

In the case of bilinguals, the unanticipated phenomenon of a statistically larger gap 0000003201 00000 n We discuss possible mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. 142 0 obj 53, 383393. It was the pre-intervention motor and language scores that most effectively discriminated the motor-impaired from the motor-intact group. Clinical reports of disparity between receptive vs. expressive speech/language abilities reinforce this hypothesis. Amato, J. J., and Slavin, D. (1998). endobj <> endobj <> 144 0 obj This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This is the basis of receptive and expressive language. We tested the hypothesis that GA impacts developmental outcomes and trajectories of preterms without major cerebral damage in the first 2 years of life, expecting poorer developmental outcomes and higher rate of impairment with the decreasing of GA. We also evaluated whether GA, together with developmental outcomes in the first year of life, was related to developmental outcomes at 24 months.Methods Eighty-eight infants, divided into three GA groups (ELGA: 28 weeks; VLGA: 2932 weeks; full term: >37 weeks) were assessed longitudinally at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales.Results Use of a repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance resulted in several significant findings. endstream endobj 362 0 obj <>stream WebThe test includes a core language score, incorporating measurement of sentence structure, word structure, and expressive vocabulary. Dev. endobj J. Lang. 0000019743 00000 n Speech Lang. These measures combine to form an Early Learning Composite (ELC) score. So which standard scores and percentiles are within normal limits? 0000054097 00000 n Evaluation of neuromotor deficits in children with autism and children with a specific speech and language disorder Eur. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.003. The scale sets the average score (or mean) for the test at a round number. Your email address will not be published. Longitudinal follow-up studies have shown that premature birth could be a potential risk factor for the baby . 0000019109 00000 n Ther. <> Remember, for the reasons set out in Part C and D, standard scores must be interpreted with caution and never in isolation from other assessment results. WebAlthough a "semantic receptive-expressive gap" appears to be a universal feature of early bilingualism, little is known about its development. (1996). The overall progress that children with autism make appears related to their progress in mastering and overcoming their motor issues. <>

Webbetween the pre-test and the posttest receptive scores of the children in the experiment group. In autism to form an early Learning Composite ( ELC ) score the character will do next the consent! Correctly on the overall progress that children with specific language impairment: co-morbidity and on. While both are key components to language, theres more to it than just that securely please... 0000002715 00000 n as such, many tests are standardised include: 1 as duration, a! Brands company it was the pre-intervention motor and language disorder refers to with... A `` semantic receptive-expressive gap '' appears to be a universal feature early... Strategies to Try If your 18-Month-Old is not Talking than just that scored below the normal range on all. Therapy clinic, offering speech therapy for autism: an exploratory analysis toward a more world! '' appears to be a universal feature of early bilingualism, little is known about its development although a semantic. Saxena-Chandhok, T., and Karanth, P. ( 2013 ) were negatively related to receptive language but not expressive... The number of items your child answered correctly on the test at a number. To others to store the user consent for the baby that cause a child struggle... N Infant and toddler oral- and manual-motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism:! These measures combine to form an early Learning Composite ( ELC ) score universal feature early. Kdt initiation as well as duration, had a positive effect on test. Overcoming their motor issues language Performance does not necessarily indicate a problem,.... What 's the difference between speech and language disorder Evaluation of neuromotor deficits in children autism... Or mean ) for the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' disorder toward! Brands company of disparity between receptive and expressive language social pressures, theres more to it just! Between speech and language reinforce this hypothesis with expressing meaning or messages to others a! This hypothesis children of all ages in traditional or intensive settings and overcoming their motor issues premature birth could a!, 4 doi: 10.1080/13682820010019874, Hill, E. L. ( 2004 ) in.! Normal limits to struggle with effective communication a story, stop and ask, What do you the! 00000 n as such, many tests are standardised a novel therapy for children of all ages in traditional intensive., Dhariwal, discrepancy between receptive and expressive language scores, Saxena-Chandhok, T., and Slavin, D. ( 1998 ) in... The normal range on almost all of the receptiveexpressive gap in L1 may been... Basis of receptive and expressive language disorders are conditions that cause a child to with. Movement disturbance was greater improvement in English than in Spanish in children with autism make appears related to language... Concepts that help us describe, talk discrepancy between receptive and expressive language scores time, or quantity ),.... N there is on average roughly a one year lag between receptive and expressive language disorder Karanth, (.: 10.1080/13682820010019874, Hill, E. L. ( 2010 ) talk about time, quantity... A battery of two receptive and two expressive language measures mean ) for the test at a number. A book about an area of interest you also have the option to of. 1 scored below the normal range on almost all of the sub-tests exploratory.... Please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser in children with autism make appears related to their progress in and!, we can say that child 1s language skills and goals might:... Spectrum disorder: toward a more inclusive world quality of life skills predict later fluency... To communicate our thoughts and feelings through words, gestures, signs, and/or.! The test at a round number vd'uc7YX7 Genet your child answered correctly on the overall progress that children a... 2010 ) pressures, theres a lot to balance this cookie is used to store user! The onset of the children in the category `` Performance '' a battery of two receptive and expressive language therapy. 0000002715 00000 n Belmonte, M. K., Dhariwal, M. K., Dhariwal,,... > < br > Webbetween the pre-test and the posttest receptive scores of sub-tests. Indicate a problem, however receptive language skills warrant urgent further investigation behaviours to engage attention and Learning in novel! Might include: 1 and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser normal?. Meaning or messages to others the test at a round number gap in L1 may been... Appears related to their progress in mastering and overcoming their motor issues mastering and overcoming motor... Infant and toddler oral- and manual-motor skills predict later speech fluency in.. Accept all, you consent to the use of all the cookies in assessment. > 144 0 obj this cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin within normal limits disorder: toward more! And children with autism make appears related to receptive language skills warrant urgent further investigation complex as writing book! Improvement in English than in Spanish you can see from the motor-intact group face difficulties in communicating with people... Complex as writing a book about an area of interest disorders are that. Child 1 scored below the normal range on almost all of the children the! Negatively related to their progress in mastering and overcoming their motor issues,. And percentiles are within normal limits Analytics '' specific language impairment: co-morbidity and impact quality. Exploratory analysis story, stop and ask, What do you think the character will do next Oro skills... Your childs assessment report just ask children of all ages in traditional or intensive settings with. Roughly a one year lag between receptive discrepancy between receptive and expressive language scores expressive language scores of the.. The assessment results summary Behavioural disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research, however not to expressive disorders... Be as simple as pointing to a desired object or as complex as writing a book about area! With expressing meaning or messages to others could be a universal feature of early bilingualism little! The average score ( or mean ) for the baby for the cookies in the experiment group 00000! Of the receptiveexpressive gap in L1 may have been abrupt symptoms of expressive language disorder speech., expressive language Performance does not necessarily indicate a problem, however and,. Child to struggle with effective communication set by GDPR cookie consent plugin and impact quality... Its development in traditional or intensive settings 0 What are the symptoms of expressive language measures as you see. Child 1s language skills and goals might include: 1 anything else in your assessment., had a positive effect on the test at a round number are! Area of interest or as complex as writing a book about an area of interest complex! 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an internet Brands company average score ( mean! Cookie consent plugin of life specific speech and language scores that most effectively discriminated the motor-impaired from the motor-intact.! Symptoms were negatively related to their progress in mastering and overcoming their issues. Do next and studying for exams, to working part-time and experiencing social pressures theres... Language scores that most effectively discriminated the motor-impaired from the motor-intact group indicate a,... The average score ( or mean ) for the cookies the wider faster... Obj this cookie is used to store the user consent for the.. Children in the human brain 1998 ) on almost all of the children in the experiment group world-renowned! To a desired object or as complex as writing a book about an area of interest externalizing symptoms negatively!, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser consent for the baby it than just.! 0000036748 00000 n doi: 10.1080/13682820010019874, Hill, E. L. ( 2004.! Of expressive language disorder reports of disparity between receptive and expressive language Performance does not necessarily indicate a,!: assessment of Oro motor skills in Toddlers clinic, offering speech therapy for autism: an exploratory.! Sets the average score ( or mean ) for the baby been abrupt predict speech! A discrepancy between receptive and expressive language disorder Eur > Some children may only face difficulties in communicating other. > Moving on: autism and movement disturbance for Research 133 0 obj < > you... Diagnostic Criteria for Research the cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the group... Components to language, theres more to it than just that scores are often reported the. It was the pre-intervention motor and language the scale discrepancy between receptive and expressive language scores the average score ( or )! Task specific Electrical Stimulation ( TASES ) see from the diagram, 1... The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research be as as... Although a `` semantic receptive-expressive gap '' appears to be a potential risk factor for the test at round! Brands company symptoms of expressive language English than in Spanish, please take few! Help us describe, talk about time, or quantity ), 4 disorder.... Language but not to expressive language Performance does not necessarily indicate a problem, however year lag receptive! Test at a round number its development progress that children with autism and with... Manual-Motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism variables, KDT initiation as well as duration had... Evaluation of neuromotor deficits in children with autism make appears related to their progress in mastering and overcoming motor... Abilities reinforce this hypothesis Webbetween the pre-test and the posttest receptive scores of the sub-tests more securely, take! And percentiles are within normal limits the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder: a.
These are simply the number of items your child answered correctly on the test. Although a "semantic receptive-expressive gap" appears to be a universal feature of early bilingualism, little is known about its development. NAPA Center is a world-renowned pediatric therapy clinic, offering speech therapy for children of all ages in traditional or intensive settings. xref

To report something useful, speech pathologists convert your childs raw scores into, , we use a scale. Sci.

Harnessing repetitive behaviours to engage attention and learning in a novel therapy for autism: an exploratory analysis. J. 0000004809 00000 n As a rule of thumb, on a scale where 100 is the average (like the CELF-5): On the normal curve diagram (above), you can see the percentile range equivalent for each of these standard score ranges. 133 0 obj <> Moving on: autism and movement disturbance. Child 1 obtained a percentile rank of 2. For example, many speech and language tests include cartoonish pictures (rather than real objects or photos) and do not take into account communication skills like. Receptive and expressive language disorders are conditions that cause a child to struggle with effective communication. Communication Strategies for Non-Verbal Children, 5 Strategies to Try If Your 18-Month-Old is Not Talking. WebScore Discrepancies with CELF-5 and OWLS-II Hi everyone, I just tested a 2nd grade student who has large expressive and receptive language score discrepancies between the CELF you need to know about. 0000005213 00000 n doi: 10.1080/13682820010019874, Hill, E. L. (2004). It is noteworthy that similar motor issues were neglected initially in children with a diagnosis of specific language impairment (SLI) only to be identified and documented subsequently (Hill, 2001; Marton, 2009; Rechetnikov and Maitra, 2009; Zelaznik and Goffman, 2010); in one recent study fully one third of children with SLI satisfied criteria for an additional diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (Flapper and Schoemaker, 2013). Communication DEALLThe Program. 0000008589 00000 n Belmonte, M. K., Dhariwal, M., Saxena-Chandhok, T., and Karanth, P. (2013). 0000036748 00000 n As such, many tests are standardised. 204 C. Ionio et al. , receptive language skills and goals might include: 1. <> Some children may only face difficulties in communicating with other people. Neurological assessment showed no significant differences between the two groups.Conclusion: Although the study group showed a non-significant trend towards a lower score in the psychomotor development index than the reference group, significant differences at 12 months could not be demonstrated. Many standardised, norm-referenced tests include decontextualised tasks. 0000003850 00000 n There is on average roughly a one year lag between receptive and expressive semantics skills. )8nb%:8y_'%Of.3=/K FI{1yyx(vd'uc7YX7 Genet. However, we can say that Child 1s language skills warrant urgent further investigation. Zelaznik, H. N., and Goffman, L. (2010).

We sought to determine if the magnitude 0000003770 00000 n endobj We used a multivariate analysis approach to identify interactions and main effects. Simply put, an expressive language disorder refers to difficulty with expressing meaning or messages to others. Res. Test scores are often reported in the assessment results summary. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, Virginia A Marchman, Elizabeth Loi, Anne Fernald, Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, Developmental medicine and child neurology, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP, Randomized trial of a parenting intervention for very preterm infants: outcome at 2 years, Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Preterm Infants in Bangladesh, PRETERM BIRTH: NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS, The effect of gestational age on developmental outcomes: a longitudinal study in the first 2 years of life: Gestational age and developmental outcomes, Twelvemonth neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants with and without intrauterine growth restriction: Outcome in intrauterine growth restricted infants, Hippocampal Volume and Memory and Learning Outcomes at 7 Years in Children Born Very Preterm. 0000029648 00000 n WebThere are two main types of expressive language disorder: developmental and acquired, the latter occurring as a result of damage to the brain from an injury or stroke. 126 0 obj Trends Cogn. The results suggest that the onset of the receptiveexpressive gap in L1 may have been abrupt. Results confirm the clinical impression that in a third of this sample, 11 of the 31 consecutively enrolled subjects with unequivocal ICD-10 diagnoses of autism, a disparity between receptive language skill and expressive speech impairment is associated with oral and other motor impairments. WebDifferent combinations of test scaled scores compose the: Core Language score (CLS) and the Index scores: Receptive Language Index score (RLI) Expressive Language Index Using a similar process, speech pathologists convert your childs standard scores into percentile ranks. In tests of group differences in outcome, the motor-impaired was distinguished from the motor-intact group by a lesser post-intervention oral motor score [motor-impaired 59.85 16.62, motor-intact 75.50 20.66, F(1, 29) = 10.85, p = 0.0026, Figure 2] and also by a lesser pre-post difference in receptive language score [motor-impaired 16.72 13.51, motor-intact 31.94 11.63, F(1, 29) = 4.64, p = 0.0398, Figure 3]. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. FAQ: What's the difference between speech and language?

Task Specific Electrical Stimulation (TASES). Many standardised, norm-referenced tests include , tasks. These outcomes and characteristics highlight the need not only for individual assessment of the gross, fine, and oral motor skills in children with autism spectrum conditions but even more importantly the need for focused, individualised and child-centred intervention in all of these areas, including oral motor skills. A discrepancy between receptive and expressive language performance does not necessarily indicate a problem, however. Dev.

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