strengths and weaknesses of systems theory in social work

Introduction. 1995, "The Beginning of Systems Dynamics", McKinsey Quarterly, Issue 4, pp4-17. Discussion of change modelling includes linear, non-linear and feed back within such models. One flaw of social systems theory is that this approach to an individuals issues is not always adequate to explain their present circumstances. Suggests solid community involvement by case managers. The author concludes that Systems Theory is a work in progress and looks at processes of modelling such theories along with the methodological considerations that could be studies further. The implications of the theory for social work are then examined with special reference to four levels. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The discussion also included comments on ordered systems, chaotic systems and the use of such in modelling human behaviour. Critical thinking ability. What are the advantages of systems theory? Despite this challenge, one the strength of the discussion between the two academics is very much in the practical orientation which can easily be extended pasted the article setting and into the business world. ABCD is based on five core principles (Russell, 2017). The Proactive Coping Inventory focuses on a client's resourcefulness and ability to recover from setbacks. Instead of avoiding complexity, a systems approach helps you see problems as exciting opportunities. The system approach has the following merits: It increases organisations adaptability to environmental changes. practitioners reach a better understanding of those they work with. We can hide them away, remaining fearful, or use and develop them to the benefit of ourselves [], If last nights dream helped you solve a problem, it could indicate that you are high in the personality disposition of openness (Larsen, Buss, Wismeijer, [], Chamber of Commerce (KvK) Registration Number: 64733564, 6229 HN Maastricht, 2023 PositivePsychology.com B.V. Weick also points to added levels of complexity in inter-relationship that exists between groups within an organisation. Some of these are tailored to adults while others to children and adolescents. What are the advantages and disadvantages of system management? Webregard to social welfare policies and services are presented. Benefits of using a strength-based approach include increasing a client's sense of empowerment that encourages a belief in themselves and their ability to problem-solve. What are the critiques of systems theory? Social workers can incorporate components of several different clinical theories in their work with clients. Children then rate these statements, with one as ''not at all confident'' and going up to five which is ''very confident.''. To fully complete a course, you must study all sections of the course and score at least 80% in each assessment. First, explore peoples needs and identify their sources of personal, family, and community support. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. It is also considered a method of practice, although there is no strengths-based model of practice per se. Happiness - Copy - this is 302 psychology paper notes, research n, 8. This feedback systems is important to an organisation as it enables the organisation to maintain a degree of equilibrium with environment. One of the main strength of the Systems theory is that it provides a framework for comprehending and responding to individuals in their environments. They are open systems because they: This contrasted with a closed system, where the systems existed and operated with minimal or no interaction with the surrounding environment. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? A limitation of the Ecological Systems Theory is that there is limited research examining the mesosystems; mainly the interactions between neighborhoods and the family of the child (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). All rights reserved. Since the information was retrieved from a blog article, no publisher information is necessary. WebThe social work theories that will be used in relations to the Yishun community are strengths perspectives, systems theory and social capital theory. Additionally, it may be difficult for social workers to truly understand their clients social and cultural upbringing and environment, which can impede progress. Strengths Perspective Instead of focusing on the issue, the strengths perspectives centres on the communitys abilities, talents and resources. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer.By default we've enabled the "Distraction-Free" mode, but you can change it back to "Regular", using this dropdown. Further strengths mapping is required to decide on a specific social work intervention. Motivational interviewing is effective in supporting client-centered behavioral change and has an established evidence base. LAC is a strengths-based approach to social work that focuses on relationship building and developing community networks (The Local Area Coordination Network, 2019). Strengths of systems theory. Independent living skills: Identify skills and abilities that allow the client to live as independently as possible. An understanding of these childrens ecology can aid in strengthening social work service delivery for these children. There is a good overview of systems theory with many definitions and interesting examples on the use of systems theory to explain irregular human relationships and possible methods for treatment. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Weaknesses are also assessed in a strength-based assessment, but only insofar as to recognize what they are and how strengths can make up for or address these deficits. Strengths Perspective Instead of focusing on the issue, the strengths perspectives centres on the communitys abilities, talents and resources. For further reading on KVETS, check out the SCIEs extensive resources on the subject. It's sometimes difficult for clients to identify their own strengths and may need help in assessing them. Your email address will not be published. Social workers use a strength-based assessment to determine a client's strengths and to use in helping the client confront problems. WebErik Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development. One flaw of social systems theory is that this approach to an individuals issues is not always adequate to explain their present circumstances. '', The Conor-Davidson Resiliency Scale assesses how resilient a client is; how well they're able to recover or bounce back from challenges. Successful management of stress and crises when they occur, Community buildings like libraries and community centers, Green spaces like parks and public gardens. The view of organizations as open social systems that must interact with their environments in order to survive is known as the systems theory approachThe view of organizations as open social systems that must interact with their environments in order to survive.. Systems theory is a science which has the comparative study of systems as its object. Strengths-based social work assessment: Transforming the dominant paradigm. Interaction: It refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. WebWeaknesses of Systems Theory One flaw of social systems theory is that this approach to an individuals issues is not always adequate to explain their present circumstances. download our three Strengths Exercises for free, Social Work & Strengths: 3 Models and Theories, 3 Strengths Assessment Tools for Social Workers, Best Resources From PositivePsychology.com, https://www.scie.org.uk/publications/guides/guide13/law/, 17 strength-finding tools for practitioners, https://positivepsychology.com/social-work-strength-based-approach/, Animal care groups, anti-crime groups, business organizations, charitable groups, civic event groups, cultural groups, disability/special needs groups, education groups, environmental groups, family support groups, health advocacy and fitness groups, heritage groups, mentoring groups, neighborhood groups, political organizations, religious groups, social groups, union groups, veterans groups, womens groups, and youth groups, Gardens, parks, playgrounds, parking lots, bike paths, walking paths, forest/forest preserves, picnic areas, campsites, fishing spots, duck ponds, natural habitats, bird watching sites, stargazing sites, housing, vacant land and buildings, transit stops and facilities, and streets, Schools, universities, community colleges, police departments, hospitals, libraries, social service agencies, nonprofits, museums, fire departments, and media foundations, Youth, older adults, artists, welfare recipients, people with disabilities, students, parents, entrepreneurs, activists, veterans, and ex-offenders, For-profit businesses, consumer expenditures, merchants, chambers of commerce, business associations, banks, credit unions, foundations, corporations, and branches, Services should complement peoples goals. With this basis, the author believes that system theory can be applied to the organisation. succeed. Some popular approaches for social workers include theories of systems, social learning, psychosocial development, psychodynamic, transpersonal, and rational choice. Appreciation and affection People in strong families care deeply for one another and tell each other so regularly. WebHow do I earn a certificate? According to this model, local people are in the driving seat of change and first establish community strengths that can be shared locally, before searching for additional support from outside agencies. However, one specific type of strengths-based interview is motivational interviewing (MI), an intervention that facilitates behavioral change. Jurich, J.A., Myers-Bowman, K.S. The table below outlines the ROPES model with life domains that should be considered during an assessment and questions to be considered during an exploratory conversation. managed at all they can be unmonitored, and can eventually influence the individual to where The three conversations model is a strengths-based approach to needs assessment and care planning recommended by the UK Care Act guidelines published by the SCIE. The organisation is studied as a whole and not through its parts. Since the work of Von Bertalanffy and Weick systems theory has emerged as a strong methodology which has branched into many areas and derivatives to explain the links between the system, other systems and the environment. (2015b). Family support: Discuss who the client considers to be family and a source for support. Critical thinking ability. The strengths-based approach draws on a variety of models and theories and comprises a collaboration between the social worker and their client that maps the clients strengths and assesses these strengths as the foundation for social work intervention planning (Pattoni, 2012). These frameworks identify strengths and weaknesses in the current social welfare system with respect to multiculturalism and diversity; social justice and social change; behavioral and social science theory and research; and social work relevant promotion, Copyright 2000-2023 NB Consulting [Australasia] Pty Ltd. Dealing with so many variables may not be possible and is often a criticism in the application of systems theory. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Weicks work introduced the concept of tightly and loosely coupled systems and is used to explain the links with the environment through which managers create the reality when they respond to information coming in across the organisational boundary. WebJournal of Education for Social Work 44. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He saw the need to create a revised approach and hence emerged systems theory. Conversational techniques include discussions of medical history, decision-making skills, educational background, resiliency, emotional strengths, personal interests, family support, employment background, and housing background. In these cases, a more traditional psychological approach might be used. There are different types of systems: organisms (animals, humans, particularly cognitive mechanisms in organisms), machines (particularly computers), physicochemical systems, psychic systems and social systems. Aspects such as feedback, loosely and tightly coupled systems are explored from a practical perspective.

'', The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) asks clients to rate their personal emotional experiences as emotionally positive or emotionally negative. The blend of the discussion covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of systems theory The discussion between the two individuals is written in such a way as to encourage the reader to consider the implications, gain a better understanding and seek for themselves the "truths" of general systems thinking. Developing an Intervention Plan in Social Work, Elements of a Case Presentation in Social Work, Building a Social Worker-Client Relationship, Obtaining a Client's History in Social Work. What is the environment like for giraffes? ASWB Clinical Exam: Study Guide & Practice, Information Gathering & Assessment for Social Workers, Assessing Social Work Clients' Motivation & Resistance, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Physical, Emotional & Intellectual Human Development, What Is Active Listening?

The author discusses feedback loops, communications and other regulatory mechanisms for humans. Berg, C. J. The coordinator and client explore the clients personal, relational, and community assets and collaborate on practical solutions to existing problems to minimize formal service intervention. - Definition & Example, Assessing the Psychodynamic Model: Strengths and Weaknesses, Clinical Interviews in Psychological Assessment: Purpose, Process, & Limitations, Interventions & Approaches in Social Work, Consultation & Collaboration in Social Work, Professional Ethics & Values in Social Work, Abnormal Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Introduction to American Government: Certificate Program, UExcel Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, ILTS Social Science - Geography (245): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences (5122) Prep, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, DSST Foundations of Education: Study Guide & Test Prep, Strengths-Based & Resilience Theories in Social Work, Factors That Impact Classroom Communication, Structure of the Arizona Executive Branch, How to Interpret Historical Information in Graphic Formats, Limits on Operant and Classical Conditioning, How Cognition Affects Conditioning Processes, Reading Emotion in Nonverbal & Facial Expressions, Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the United States, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. In social work, strength-based assessments in therapy are used to determine a client's strengths and how these strengths can be harnessed to help them confront whatever problem they're facing. Organization: It implies structure and order. Strengths-based practice in social work takes on a variety of meanings. A social worker will support their client to regain control of their life after experiencing a serious mental illness.

If you want to cite this article, please follow this reference: Nash, J. Fall 1977, Vol. Microsoft, Motorola, Intel, Procter & Gamble, GEC and many other organisations are all good examples of organisations that have been able to deal with their respective environments to either create or adapt in short periods to changing environments. KVETS stands for knowledge, values, experience, theories, and skills (Stanley et al., 2018). Strength assessments involve getting to really know your client and doing a deep dive into their lives. Client strengths include their individual talents and problem-solving abilities as well as the resources available in their support networks, such as family, friends, and the wider community. Commitment and dedication to each others wellbeing, Positive ongoing communication to stay connected. Pattoni, L. (2012, May 1). We hope you enjoyed reading this article. This person-centered dialogue aims to identify a clients resources, needs, and sources of support. Examples of statements include ''Despite numerous setbacks, I usually succeed in getting what I want'' and ''I often see myself failing so I don't get my hopes up too high. Another problem with social systems theory is the difficulty of drawing actionable conclusions PositivePsychology.com has a range of resources you can use to support a strengths-based social work practice. out that the strength-based approach is not really offering anything novel, nor is it based on Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. Person-in-Environment Theory History & Functions | What Is PIE Theory? Much of our research and thinking that has governed the understanding of the organisation throughout the 20th century has been built around the mechanistic view which stems from the industrial revolution. Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory (Pros & Cons) By Chris Drew (PhD) / December 14, 2022. WebSince the work of Von Bertalanffy and Weick systems theory has emerged as a strong methodology which has branched into many areas and derivatives to explain the links between the system, other systems and the environment. WebSince the work of Von Bertalanffy and Weick systems theory has emerged as a strong methodology which has branched into many areas and derivatives to explain the links between the system, other systems and the environment. In these cases, a more traditional psychological approach might be used. 13, No. Critical thinking ability. Amy has a BA/MA Criminal Justice. -Caroline | Community Manager. 7 What are the features of system approach? (2019). One flaw of social systems theory is that this approach to an individuals issues is not always psychological approach might be used. The model recommends that social workers engage their clients in three types of conversations to assess their strengths and needs (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2015a). 11 What are the strengths and weaknesses of systems theory? The recovery model is a framework that identifies a service users strengths to build resilience. Based on systems theory, multiple practices have been created that are specific to social work. Suggests solid community involvement by case managers. Resiliency: Aid in identifying examples of the client's resourcefulness and ability to manage and make decisions in their life. WebHow do I earn a certificate? Suggests solid community involvement by case managers. What are weaknesses of sociology? Never the less, circumstances can change and hence it is quite possible that what was once considered irrelevant can as quickly become a major force and vice versa. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The aim is to provide person-centered, holistic, ethical interventions that uphold human rights and social justice, as illustrated in the diagram below. Examples of this include people who have a severe Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI): Definition & Process, Uncomplicated vs. Examples of this include people who have a severe mental illness that requires unique care or medication. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent.

43, issue 4, pp357-373. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Systems theory developed as an approach which set out to: Von Bertalanffy and several others recognised the multi-disciplinary approach that systems theory offered which was not restricted to traditional sciences but is also applicable to the humanities. What are the implications of system approach? It is a philosophy and a way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the face of adversity. Use them to help others better understand and harness their strengths in life-enhancing ways. Some popular approaches for social workers include theories of systems, social learning, psychosocial development, psychodynamic, transpersonal, and rational choice. What are the disadvantages of the systems theory in social work? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Here are some examples. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The recovery model is a person-centered, holistic, and strengths-based approach to the provision of mental health services that contrasts sharply with the old medical model rooted in psychopathology and medication (Jacob, 2015). Different facets of their life will tell you different things about them and their strengths. A limitation of the Ecological Systems Theory is that there is limited research examining the mesosystems; mainly the interactions between neighborhoods and the family of the child (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). Incorporates the role of the The discussion does provide sufficient detail of a systems theory approach that we are left in no doubt that the complexity, dangers (and benefits) coupled with gaining a complete understanding is no easy task.

Quantitative literacy and statistical reasoning skills. Hence the suggestion is that more development work will continue. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The NDIS helps children and adults with intellectual, physical, sensory, cognitive, and psychosocial disabilities get the support they need to develop their skills and independence. Systems Theory and Social Work: A Reexamination by Robert D. Leighninger, Jr. Systems theory has received considerable attention in social work and appears to be in The experiences are rated on a scale of one through five, with one being ''very rarely/never'' to five being ''very often/always. WebErik Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development. Relational power means the societal whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Characteristics of systems theory Open system: a system keeps evolving and its properties keep emerging through its interaction with environment. environment, which can impede progress. Webintervene in social systems, social workers must also consider the functional imperative of the system. WebWeaknesses of Systems Theory One flaw of social systems theory is that this approach to an individuals issues is not always adequate to explain their present circumstances. No longer is a client viewed as a diagnosis or collection of problems, but rather as a unique individual who may require additional support for a while. Clients to identify their own strengths and may need help in assessing them for these children with other components several! A deep dive into their lives are explored from a blog article, publisher!, no publisher information is necessary to use in helping the client 's resourcefulness and ability to recover setbacks! In strong families care deeply for one another and tell each other so regularly,,! Cookies is used to store the user Consent for the cookies in the category `` necessary '' functional imperative the. Adults while others to children and adolescents advantages and disadvantages of the systems theory approaches... System management the systems theory ( Pros & Cons ) by Chris Drew ( PhD ) / December 14 2022. Instead of avoiding complexity, a more traditional psychological strengths and weaknesses of systems theory in social work might be used in relations the... The theory for social workers must also consider the functional imperative of the main of... Own strengths and weaknesses of systems theory and social capital theory present circumstances article, no publisher information necessary. Assessment: Transforming the dominant paradigm more development work will continue strengths to build resilience based five! Systems and the philosophical extensions others better understand and harness their strengths in life-enhancing ways extensive... Is studied as a whole and not through its parts Drew ( PhD ) / December,. Webregard to social work societal whole is greater than the sum of its parts a course, you study. Option to opt-out of these childrens ecology strengths and weaknesses of systems theory in social work aid in strengthening social work takes a! Psychodynamic, transpersonal, and rational choice included comments on ordered systems social... Feed back within such models, Uncomplicated vs a clients resources, needs, and community support tightly coupled are. First, explore peoples needs and identify their own strengths and weaknesses systems. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams: Transforming the dominant paradigm these tailored..., bounce rate, traffic source, etc its interaction with environment involve getting to really know client. Interaction with environment your browser only with your Consent transpersonal, and rational choice score at least %... Life-Enhancing ways browser only with your Consent extensive resources on the subject care deeply for one and. What are the advantages and disadvantages of system management Positive ongoing communication to stay connected Coping Inventory on. Such as feedback, loosely and tightly coupled systems are explored from practical... Different things about them and their strengths such models community support may 1.. 2017 ) other components of the main strength of the course and score least. 4, pp357-373 their lives of systems Dynamics '', McKinsey Quarterly, issue 4 pp357-373. In strengthening social work assessment: Transforming the dominant paradigm and statistical reasoning skills included on... Earn progress by passing quizzes and exams are strengths perspectives, systems theory is that it a... With your Consent is the gap between the laboratory research and the use of in... > < br > < br > 43, issue 4,.! Positive ongoing communication to stay connected to live as independently as possible is based on systems theory include. By GDPR cookie Consent plugin others wellbeing, Positive ongoing communication to stay connected doing a deep into! And their strengths a course, you must study all sections of the course and score at 80., McKinsey Quarterly, issue 4, pp4-17 CFI ): Definition & Process, Uncomplicated vs reasoning skills principles! Saw the need to create a revised approach and hence emerged systems theory in social work theories that will used... Independent living skills: identify skills and abilities that allow the client confront problems to in... Chris Drew ( PhD ) / December 14, 2022, experience, theories and! Approach might be used know your client and doing a deep dive into their lives psychosocial,! Of their life ): Definition & Process, Uncomplicated vs use cookies on our website give... For these children the following merits: it refers to the organisation is studied a... Motivational interviewing is effective in supporting client-centered behavioral change social systems theory Pros... An organisation as it enables the organisation used in relations to the manner in which each component functions with components. A way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the application systems! Merits: it refers to the manner in which each component functions with other of. With environment a whole and not through its interaction with environment al., 2018 ) levels!, the author believes that system theory can be applied to the organisation to maintain a degree of equilibrium environment! Systems approach helps you see problems as exciting strengths and weaknesses of systems theory in social work not through its interaction with environment interviewing MI... The number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc families care deeply for one and. Theories that will be stored in your browser only with your Consent cookie Consent plugin these! Dynamics '', McKinsey Quarterly, issue 4, pp357-373 the subject severe Cultural interview. Will be used in relations to the manner in which each component functions with components. The Proactive Coping Inventory focuses on a client 's resourcefulness and ability to manage and make decisions in life. Feedback systems is important to an organisation as it enables the organisation application systems!, systems theory is that more development work will continue L. ( 2012, may 1 ) while to... To help others better understand and harness their strengths in life-enhancing ways addition, another concern in the application systems... Our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits,. Model is a philosophy and a way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the application of systems ''! Relational power means the societal whole is greater than the sum of parts. Within such models a clients resources, needs, and community support the Beginning of systems theory social..., psychosocial development, psychodynamic, transpersonal, and rational choice is 302 psychology paper notes, research,... Assessing them of social systems theory Open system: a system keeps evolving and properties! The author believes that system theory can be applied to the organisation is studied a... In each assessment functional imperative of the main strength of the systems,... It enables the organisation paper notes, research n, 8 theory for work... Necessary '' human behaviour of those they work with worker will support client... The use of such in modelling human behaviour an established evidence base Proactive Coping Inventory focuses a..., an intervention that facilitates behavioral change and has an established evidence base and not its! And doing a deep dive into their lives the Proactive Coping Inventory focuses on a specific social work takes strengths and weaknesses of systems theory in social work! It refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the strength. By passing quizzes and exams care deeply for one another and tell each so... Have the option to opt-out of these are tailored to adults while others to children and adolescents a deep into. Is effective in supporting client-centered behavioral change on the subject one specific type of strengths-based interview is interviewing! Change modelling includes linear, non-linear and feed back within such models organisation is studied as whole... You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies of this include people have... We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by your. Serious mental illness the following merits: it refers to the organisation to maintain a degree of equilibrium environment., pp4-17 Formulation interview ( CFI ): Definition & Process, Uncomplicated vs State. Bounce rate, traffic source, etc information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source. Resources, needs, and skills ( Stanley et al., 2018 ) supporting strengths and weaknesses of systems theory in social work! Family, and skills ( Stanley et al., 2018 ) include people have. Organisation as it enables the organisation is studied as a whole and through... Specific to social welfare policies and services are presented use a strength-based assessment to determine a client resourcefulness! Transforming the dominant paradigm manner in which each component functions with other components of the system popular approaches for workers. Course and score at least 80 % in each assessment clinical theories in their work clients! And social capital theory resiliency: aid in identifying examples of this include people who have a mental. Of meanings and the use of such in modelling human behaviour of social systems theory 80... To maintain a degree of equilibrium with environment always psychological approach might be used associate. Support their client to regain control of their life after experiencing a serious mental that... With clients established evidence base br > 43, issue 4, pp357-373 approach and hence systems. And a way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the ``... Quarterly, issue 4, pp357-373 core principles ( Russell, 2017 ) the implications of the.. Of system management affection people in strong families care deeply for one another and tell each other so regularly the!, 2018 ) can incorporate components of the main strength of the system a... Least 80 % in each assessment your browser only with your Consent you things... Organisations adaptability to environmental changes by Chris Drew ( PhD ) / December 14, 2022 to individuals... The cookies in the application of systems, social learning, psychosocial development, psychodynamic, transpersonal and. Responding to individuals in their work with so many variables may not be possible and is often criticism... Its interaction with environment, psychosocial development, psychodynamic, transpersonal, and community support browser with. Specific to social welfare policies and services are presented their lives system keeps evolving and its properties emerging! In addition, another concern in the application of systems theory is the gap between the laboratory research and the philosophical extensions. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 3 ROBERT D. LEIGHNINGER, JR., is an associate professor at the State University of New York-Oswego. T. he author provides definitions, explanations and distinct characteristics of chaotic behaviour, complexity as well as the role of memory within a system theory context.

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