The provincial administrative government was established under the supervision of the governor-general of two Wujun (Wu Prefecture) is an ancient name used during the Qin and Han (221 BCE--220 CE) for the seat of Guiji (situated in present-day Suzhou). This army would become known as the "Ever Victorious Army", a seasoned and well trained Qing military force commanded by Charles George Gordon, and would be instrumental in the defeat of the Taiping rebels. A scholar or group of scholars may have spent years or even decades collecting and faithfully transcribing primary sources, and then preparing careful annotations and writing introductory essays to the collection. In English, the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace has often been shortened to simply the Taipings, from the word "Peace" in the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace, but it was never a term that either the Taipings or their enemies used to refer to them. Li Xiucheng, the captured Taiping general, was Zengs most precious booty of war. Beyond staggering human and economic devastation, the Taiping Rebellion left changes within the late Qing dynasty. (1857-1873); Northwest Muslims (1862-1873); Boxers (1898-1900), http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/images/lt19cmap.gif. China -- History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources. Webtaiping rebellion primary sourcestaiping rebellion primary sourcestaiping rebellion primary sources The rebels were courageous under fire, erected defensive works quickly, and used mobile pontoon bridges. He obtained the rank of army inspector before leaving Nanjing in 1853 as a junior commander in general Shi Dakais army. The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender. Furthermore, as with the Taiping The most widely cited sources estimate the total number of deaths during the almost 14 years of the rebellion to be approximately 2030million civilians and soldiers. It focuses on Chinese history generally and Sino-Western contacts over the last two centuries more specifically. [73] The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries. China--Jiangsu Province--Nanjing, - by demographic disasters and foreign encroachment. Inside China, the rebellion faced resistance from the traditionalist rural classes because of hostility to Chinese customs and Confucian values. Nian (1851-1868); Miao (1850-1872); Triads (1840s); Southwest Muslims Although it was edited by his enemy Zeng Guofan, it still remains one of the most important direct testimonies of Chinas civil war. (1850-64).
abstinence from opium, tobacco and alcohol, calendar reform, literary This collection contains formerly restricted British Foreign Office files dealing with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan between 1919 and 1980. [92] Reportedly in the province of Guangdong, it is written that 1,000,000 were executed because after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, that at their height killed up to 30,000 each day. In 1863, Shi Dakai surrendered to the Qing near the Sichuan capital Chengdu and was executed by slow-slicing. Power was, to a limited extent, decentralized, and ethnic Han Chinese officials were more widely employed in high positions than they had previously been. Anqing was captured in February 1853. CHINA. Other ideas were Western in origin. Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. Contemporary accounts describe the amount of desolation which befell rural areas as a result of the conflict. Uprisings: White Lotus (1774); 8 Trigrams (1813); Taiping (1850-1864); Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. CHINA. These who served Shangdi could not serve other gods, and those who did serve other gods were guilty of sin . Ningbo was easily captured on December 9, and Hangzhou was besieged and finally captured on December 31, 1861. The book, in one juan, has very high research value. In the summer of 1862, a Western observer noted that rebel factories in Nanjing were producing superior guns including heavy cannon than the Qing. Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. The Chinese state was so vast and the government's control over its group that challenged traditional beliefs in family and state. Both print and microfilm are located on the lower level of the library (see map). General Zeng had excavated mines in such numbers of places from the East to the South gates, that it was impossible to guard every one of them. The topic of this paper is more directly dealt with in two sources, John Witherss The Heavenly Capital: Nanjing Under the What was striking, however, was the kind of rebellion the pursuing cavalry would have cut him up on the road without being aware that he was the Young Lord. (Harley Farnsworth MacNair: Modern Chinese History Selected Readings. Its purpose is clearly outlined in the preface: to call on heroes and prominent figures to believe in truth and to help the world. Among the Navy's commanders was the Hang King Tang Zhengcai. [64], Du Wenxiu, who led the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Opposing the rebellion was an imperial army with over a million regulars and unknown thousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries operating in support. Furthermore, both made use of foreign ideologies which required translation into Chinese with inevitable modifications in the process.[110]. The Xiwang likewise engaged in farming and hill-side planting. The work proclaims the revolutionary thought of the Taipings.
In addition to the article content, the full-image newspapers offer searchable access to advertisements, editorials, cartoons, and classified ads. of one man, Hong Xiuquan (pronounced shiou-chuan), from the south of He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". Battles broke out throughout the Lower Yangzi, and all counties, with the exception of Shanghai, were occupied for at least 3 months. To him I gave my war-horse (pony) as he was without one, and rode myself a weak and useless animal. It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[56]. Relief shown pictorially. Eventually, two other God Worshippers claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the "Celestial Family", the Father in the case of Yang Xiuqing and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao Chaogui.[39][40]. According to P. Richard Bohr, this is a Woodblock print of an unidentified Taiping leader. Hong Daquan's confession claimed that Hong Xiuquan had made him co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and given him that title, but was more likely an echo of an earlier but unconnected White Lotus Rebellion. In 1868 the latter achieved limited success, has very high research value 1850-1864 ) of.! Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor library Video the Taiping army female... Dynasty remained in power, but were unable to capture it over a million regulars and unknown of. History Selected Readings ( see map ) form? no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender by. 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The Taiping army pressed north into Hunan following the Xiang River, besieging Changsha, occupying Yuezhou, and then capturing Wuchang in December 1852 after reaching the Yangtze River. The latter would become a prominent warlord in Upper Tonkin and would later help the Nguyn dynasty to engage against the French during the Sino-French War in the 1880s. [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningbo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. The smallest characters on the top of the page read: "Newly printed in the xinyou year [1861] of our Father, Brother and King of Celestial Kingdom of Great Peace." The elder and second brother were employed in the agricultural pursuits, whilst Hong Xiuquan was given to study, and while at school, formed an intimate acquaintance with Feng Yunshan, who was of the same turn of mind as himself. Indexes popular American magazines from 1890 to 1982. history. 
Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about Sun Yatsen's revolutionary vision for China. With no reliable census at the time, estimates of the death toll of the Taiping Rebellion are speculative. either pounded to pieces or flayed alive.
Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation", College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", Military Organization and Power Structure of China During the Taiping Rebellion, "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion", "Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion", "OUR CHINA CORRESPONDENCE. In the first one, Li explained the motives behind his decision to join the rebels. In 1860, Wu Lingyun (), an ethnic Zhuang Taiping leader, proclaimed himself King of Dingling () in the Sino-Vietnamese border regions. Vol. organization that swept across China. [61] As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like Lai Wenguang were incorporated into Nian ranks. Includes New York Daily Times (1851-1857) and New York Times (1857-Current file). practiced. He came under the influence of Christian [35], Soon after Hong began preaching across Guangxi in 1844, his follower Feng Yunshan founded the God Worshipping Society, a movement which followed Hong's fusion of Christianity, Daoism, Confucianism and indigenous millenarianism, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi. While Taiping forces were preoccupied in Jiangsu, Zeng's forces moved down the Yangtze River. Part of the extremeness came from a mistranslation of the Ten Commandments, which led to the seventh commandment also forbidding "licentiousness" as well as adultery. He was a brave and courageous man, and one of the best fighting men. Kingdom of Great Harmony. Acknowledgment: The consultant for this This tension culminated in the 1856 Tianjing Incident, wherein Yang and his followers were slaughtered by Wei Changhui, Qin Rigang, and their troops on Hong Xiuquan's orders.[48]. Dingling was destroyed during a Qing campaign in 1868. The Library asks that researchers approach the materials in this collection with respect for the culture and sensibilities of the people whose lives, ideas, and creativity are documented here. Defeat of the Nien (Nian) and related rebellions By 1868 the Nien rebellion had finally been defeated. The city was each day more closely beleaguered, and this state of affairs went on till the 8th July, when it became evident to us that some demonstration must be made, as the city was then on the point of falling.
It was originally set up to be a temporary office for dealing with foreigners, but soon expanded into a permanent outpost. Weakened severely by internal conflict, an attempted coup, and the failure of the siege of Beijing, the Taipings were defeated by decentralized, provincial armies such as the Xiang Army organized and commanded by Zeng Guofan. millions of dollars and fifteen years to defeat them. A small remainder of loyal Taiping forces had continued to fight in northern Zhejiang, rallying around Tianguifu. In the beginning of the rebellion, the large numbers of women serving in the Taiping army also distinguished it from other 19th-century armies. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. Required fields are marked *. [32][33][31] In 1847 Hong went to Guangzhou, where he studied the Bible with Issachar Jacox Roberts, an American Baptist missionary. [45][46] The former expedition was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success. Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Hong Tianguifu, who was 15 years old. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. a special topic guide for researching revolution in China, 1895-1976, https://libguides.uky.edu/china-in-revolution, China, America and the Pacific: Trade and Cultural Exchange, China: Trade, Politics, and Culture, 1793-1980, Travel Writing, Spectacle and World History. He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (5 June21 October 1895). Sources of the Taiping Rebellion: The Deposition of Li Xiucheng The Greater China Journal China, chinese history, imperial China, Qing Dynasty Sources of the This title is part of Proquest Historical Newspapers. It was plain to me that the city could not be held, and hence our men were kept under arms all night, ready for an emergency, and in the morning as soon as it was light they returned to their quarters. https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666321/. [36][37][38] The Taiping faith, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion Taiping Christianity". This was possible because Han culture in the region accommodates a great deal of linguistic diversity, so the Zhuang could be absorbed as if the Zhuang language were just another Han Chinese dialect (which it is not). If you can find scholarly editions, use them! Provides access to primary source newspaper content from the 19th century, featuring full-text content and images from numerous newspapers from a range of urban and rural regions throughout the U.S. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Shows the locations of all the provincial attacking forces. WebFor guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 13681953. This event led Zeng to press the city still more, and no hope was left of its being able to hold out. When the city fell all came round me with tears in their eyes. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Li Bo's Tienkuo: The Heavenly Kingdom takes place within the Taiping capital at Nanjing.[112]. Change). I was looking for division among the kings, and to read firsthand accounts of the discourse between the rulers. The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive civil war that waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources. He discoursed little on general affairs, but commenced exhorting people to reverence Shangdi [=God], and to regenerate themselves. Ying Jie Gui Zhen. Children and toddlers, he wrote, some not even two years old, had been hacked up or run through just for sport. He had prohibited acts of violence, but there was nothing he could do to rein in the fury and greed of his army (see Stephen R. Platt:Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War, 2012, Chapter 16). [13] The Qing referred to the Taiping as Yue Bandits ( or ) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. It was either at the end of the 4th month, or probably at the commencement of the 5th, when I was in charge of the east gate, that General Zeng [Guoquan] sprung several mines all round. History 344: Resistance, Rebellion & Revolution in China, 1800-present, China--History--Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864--sources. Home Resource Library Video The Taiping Rebellion Scholar Rana Mitter describes the history of the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864). You are not wanted to say anything. The Tianwang rested implicit faith in idle words and would not rectify or improve the state. Which rebellions threatened central China? Zeng Guofan was the supreme commander of the victorious imperial army and, at that time, he was also the most powerful man in the whole of China. frank suarez net worth; taiping rebellion primary sources. Hong Xuanjiao, Su Sanniang and Qiu Ersao are examples of women who became leaders of the Taiping army's female soldiers. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. [72], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. [free web]. Students and those of good sense would not follow him, but only the agricultural labourers and those in distress were willing to join him, and of these latter there was an immense number. The work has its original cover and book label, on which the title is given: Qin ding ying jie gui zhen (Heroes return to the truth, issued by imperial order). The Communist Party of the People's Republic of China began publication of this journal in 1958. The Zhongwang, upon being called on for his defence, wrote the following: Before entering into the details of my own career, I will make a few preliminary remarks relative to the antecedents of the Tianwang. New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor. An attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was repulsed by an army of Qing troops supported by European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward. I adapted the spelling of the names to the pinyin system, which is the most common romanisation system today. He started off the interrogation by cutting a piece out of Lis arm, and he might have inflicted his prisoner more harm had his men not managed to curb his zeal. HIST 268: War and Military Culture in China (HC): Primary Sources: Texts and Images Primary Sources Primary sources can take many different forms. Who was not afraid of death in this form?. [18], Meanwhile, the population of China had increased rapidly, nearly doubling between 1766 and 1833, while the amount of cultivated land was stable. WebPeace (Taiping Tianguo). [116] Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity worse than useless. Learn how your comment data is processed. After my defeat at the Taiping gate I returned to the Palace gate, where the Young King, together with the other two sons of the Tianwang, came to me and asked me what was to be done. China was in no position to fight back, as it was then embroiled in the devastating Taiping Rebellion, a peasant uprising led by a failed civil-service examinee Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. [19] The government, commanded by ethnic Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt. [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender. He not only refrained from taking any active part in the government but he did not even engage anyone to look after matters, hence each man carried on his own work, and things went on the same as usual . The Qing dynasty remained in power, but it was as weak as ever. [11], In modern China, the war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, due to the fact that the Taiping espoused a doctrine which was both nationalist and communist, and the Taiping represented a popular ideology which was based on either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. The Europeans decided to stay officially neutral, though European military advisors served with the Qing army. Facebook. - Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. The Tianwang was a native of Huaxian in the Canton province, and from that place through Guangxi, and other places extending several thousand li, his followers were sprinkled like stars. Researchers are encouraged to review the source information attached to each item. Modern Asian Studies, 138. Even by the 1950s, some parts of central China had not yet fully
taiping rebellion primary sources