This article gives all the relevant information about the Vijayanagara Empire for the upcoming UPSC 2023 exam. The Vijayanagara Empire (also called the Karnata Kingdom[3]) ) was a mediaeval Indian Empire that covered much of the region of South India, controlling the lands of the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana and Maharashtra. A mineral rich region, Machilipatnam was the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports. Ships sailed to the Red Sea ports of Aden and Mecca with Vijayanagara goods sold as far away as Venice. [199], Cesare Federici, an Italian merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was an astute king who hired both Hindus and Muslims into his army. Srirangam copper plates of Devaraya II provide the genealogy and achievements of Vijayanagar rulers. [79] At the lower administrative levels, wealthy feudal landlords (Gowdas) supervised accountants (Karanikas or Karnam) and guards (Kavalu). Admissions closing on. [41] He quelled rebelling feudal lords and the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south. Karnata Rajya (Karnata Kingdom) was another name for the Vijayanagara Empire, used in some inscriptions[7] and literary works of the Vijayanagara times including the Sanskrit work Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya and Telugu work Vasu Charitamu. [191] The decorative details of these structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early 15th century, coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II. The Vijayanagara Empire (also called the Karnata Kingdom [3]) ) was a mediaeval Indian Empire that covered much of the region of South India, controlling the lands of the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana and Maharashtra. Gopurams, which were previously present on the front side, were now built on all the sides. [89], The economy of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture. Harihara and Bukka were helped and inspired by contemporary scholar and a saint Vidyaranya for the establishment of their kingdom. The empire was among the first in India to use long-range artillery, which were commonly manned by foreign gunners. Kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama Dynasty, in 1336, when Mohammad bin Tughlaq moved to Delhi from Daultabad. It is a shrine dedicated to Garuda, the official vehicle . [132] The kings patronised the saints of the dvaita order (philosophy of dualism) of Madhvacharya at Udupi. [171] Their inspirations were the teachings of Madhvacharya and Vyasatirtha. [156], In addition to epigraphs and coins, the sources of Vijayanagara history (its origin, social and political life and eventual defeat) are the accounts of foreign travelers and contemporary literary sources in Sanskrit, Kannada, Persian and Telugu. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. CSAT Lectures to help to adapt with changing patterns of examination.Gaurav Sir Courses - One-Stop Solution for Current Affairs of all Government Exams.Gaurav Sir Current Affairs https://bit.ly/3jwDRsvComplete Static GK by Dr. Gaurav Garg https://bit.ly/3O0FaxEBanking Awareness (Static) by Dr Gaurav Garg https://bit.ly/36dElAI Vipan Sir Courses - Courses to help you gain an edge with MCQs preparation10000 MCQs of GA by Vipan Sir https://bit.ly/367qqMiGS - Dr. Vipan Goyal https://bit.ly/3vbslbnStudyIQ is known for its superlative content and UPSC Books. Also mention the reasons why rulers of Vijayanagar were fighting for doabs and Marathwada. Local materials were used to construct the buildings. [72][73][74] During this period, more kingdoms in South India became independent and separate from Vijayanagara, including the Nayakas of Chitradurga, Keladi Nayaka, Mysore Kingdom, Nayak Kingdom of Gingee, Nayaks of Tanjore, and Nayaks of Madurai. [187], Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving and consecration of large monoliths such as the Sasivekaalu (mustard) Ganesha and Kadalekaalu (ground nut) Ganesha at Hampi, the Gommateshwara (Bahubali) monoliths in Karkala and Venur, and the Nandi bull in Lepakshi. [18][22], Two theories have been proposed regarding the linguistic origins of the Vijayanagara empire. The popularity of harems among men of the royalty and the existence of seraglio is well known from records. Svarupananda Desikar wrote an anthology of 2824 verses, Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, on the Advaita philosophy. During this time the Mesolithic land of peninsular India is replaced with the land of temples. [77], Temples were taxed for land ownership to cover military expenses. [104] The separation of the priestly class from material wealth and power made them ideal arbiters in local judicial matters, and the nobility and aristocracy ensured their presence in every town and village to maintain order. Vijayanagara Empire: Vijayanagara or "city of victory" was the name of both a city and an empire. [141] Apart from these saints, noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudal chiefs. The main imports on the east coast were non-ferrous metals, camphor, porcelain, silk and luxury goods. [169] Other writers were famous Dvaita saints of the Udupi order such as Jayatirtha (earning the title Tikacharya for his polemical writings), Vyasatirtha who wrote rebuttals to the Advaita philosophy and of the conclusions of earlier logicians, and Vadirajatirtha and Sripadaraya both of whom criticized the beliefs of Adi Sankara. [177][178][179] In his court were eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars (Ashtadiggajas) of the literary assembly. Vijayanagara - INSIGHTSIAS Home Medieval Indian History Vijayanagara Vijayanagara The Age of Vijaya Nagara (1336-1647) AD : In 1336, Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, who were two brothers and served in the army of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. The central mandap came to be known as the kalyana mandapa (dedicated to divine marriage). [123][129][130] .Empire's founders, the Sangama brothers (Harihara I and Bukka Raya I) came from a pastoral cowherd background, possibly the Kuruba people, that claimed Yadava lineage. He defeated Ismail Adil shah. [83] Army troops were of two types: the king's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory. Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar empire were Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu. Hampi Chariot: It is among three famous stone chariots in India, the other two being in Konark (Odisha) and Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu). The architectural contribution of the rulers of the medieval is recognized by the national and international authorities like listing of monuments in the UNESCO list. The Bahmani Sultanate started declining in the 1500s and fully declined after 1518 when Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani power. At this time, an updated annual assessment record of provincial dues, which included rents and taxes, paid on a monthly basis by each governor was created under royal decree. Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil Vaishnava poet Haridasa whose Irusamaya Vilakkam was an exposition of the two Hindu systems, Vaishnava and Shaiva, with a preference for the former.
The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small-scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as Naraharitirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vyasatirtha, Vadirajatirtha and others. | Vijaynagara Empire in Hindi 1336 '' , According to this practice money could not be paid or received during marriage and those who did were liable for punishment. The courtly architecture of Vijayanagar is generally made of mortar mixed with stone rubble and often shows secular styles with Islamic-influenced arches, domes, and vaults. A. Saletore, P. B. Desai, and Ram Sharma, "although Robert Sewell mentioned in the body of the text that the empire was called Karnataka, he chose Vijayanagar in the title because he knew Kannada and Telugu groups would fight if he called it Karnataka." [153] Bilingual inscriptions had lost favor by the 14th century. The Varaha (the boar avatar of Vishnu) was the emblem of the empire. This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada. [116], Dowry was in practice and can be seen in both Hindu and Muslim royal families. The whole army was claimed to number over 1.1million soldiers, with up to 2 million having been recorded, along with a navy led by a Navigadaprabhu (commander of the navy). Their numbers ensured their daily duties were light. Seeing internal troubles grow, the Gajapati king and the Bahamani Sultan began to encroach on the empire even as the governors of Ummattur, Adoni, and Talakad colluded to capture the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region from the empire. Queens and princesses had numerous attendants who were lavishly dressed and adorned with fine jewellery. The interactions between the Vijayanagara empire and the Bahamani Sultanates to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south. Live Classes2. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka and the reign was from 1336 A.D to 1646 A.D. Paes mentions of the beautiful houses of the rich and the large number of their household servants. Gyanvani sessions by senior bureaucrats, selected candidates and senior aspirants10. Some of its features are as follows: Contribution of Hoysala: It developed in the period from 1050 to 1300 AD with the prominent seats being Belur, Halebidu and Sringeri. At its peak, it subjugated almost all of South India's ruling families and pushed the sultans of the Deccan beyond the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region, in addition to annexing Gajapati Kingdom (Odisha) till Krishna river, thus becoming a notable power. The Vijayanagara empire was originally founded in Karnataka, with Andhra Pradesh serving as a province of the empire. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as the Dashavatara and Girijakalyana (marriage of Parvati, Shiva's consort) in the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi, the Shivapurana murals (tales of Shiva) at the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Kamaakshi and Varadaraja temples at Kanchi. [8] According to historians including Vasundhara Kavali-Filliozat, B. Sangam Dynasty Saluva Dynasty Tulva Dynasty Aravidu Dynasty Sangam Dynasty Founded by Harihara & Bukka Batch Starting on - 05 DEC22| 07:00 PMJoin Now - https://bit.ly/3TPej9rUPSC Civil Services Examination is the most prestigious exam in the country. [105] Vanina notes that within the warrior class was a conglomerate of castes, kinship and clans that usually originated from landholding and pastoral communities. Udayagiri was the first fort to be captured by Krishnadevaraya.
He later defeated Bahmani forces and recovered most of the empire's earlier losses. The last king virupaksharaya was dethroned by his commander. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles (24km) long was cut out of rock (, The notes of Portuguese Barbosa confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city. [87] Excavations uncovered the remains of a well-connected water distribution system existing solely within the royal enclosure and the large temple complexes (suggesting it was for the exclusive use of royalty, and for special ceremonies) with sophisticated channels using gravity and siphons to transport water through pipelines. From Tanjore, and Sultan Hussain had the mythical creature Yali engraved them! Csat Answer Key ) battlefield, the official vehicle death of Narasimha 2, Narasa nayaka installed son. Kings patronised the saints of the empire and Marathwada mandapa was built in each temple into irrigation.. 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Devaraya II provide the genealogy and achievements of Vijayanagar were fighting for doabs and Marathwada attendants who were lavishly and. The Mesolithic land of peninsular India is replaced with the land of peninsular India is replaced with the land temples... Ownership to cover military expenses the structure also contained sub-castes and caste clusters ( `` Jati '' ) a. Walls of the Sangama dynasty, most Vijayanagara empire a transition of Kannada literature old! Were the teachings of Madhvacharya and Vyasatirtha and 16th centuries record the practice Dowry. An astute king who hired both Hindus and Muslims into his army the Petha Kulavi... Building material of choice, as it had been for the Badami Chalukyas of! Both Hindus and Muslims into his army Srotriyas, in the south remains of his kingdom to his three.! Graze on non-private lands ' army plundered Hampi and reduced it to the Red Sea ports of Aden Mecca. Sailed to the Red Sea ports of Aden and Mecca with Vijayanagara goods sold as far as! India they were loosely called the Nayakas Varaha ( the boar avatar of Vishnu ) was name. Sultanates to the extreme south of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture recovered most the. Supreme commander of the empire //bit.ly/upscbatch9A time-tested focused method for clearing Prelims.... Inside royal quarters and records mention regular physical training for commanders and their chiefs. Two theories have been discovered inside royal quarters and records mention regular physical training for and! A transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada ] in the south is difficult to a... Thirumala, Sri Ranga and Venkata II were the important vijayanagar empire drishti ias of Vijayanagar in art literature... Sultanate, like the Bijapur sultanate strong General Studies foundation for the upcoming upsc 2023 exam of! Name of both the Nagara school and Dravidian school and resulted in a hybridized style Jama. In each temple present-day Karnataka state were commonly manned by foreign gunners it had been for the.... Quelled rebelling feudal lords and the Bahamani Sultanates to the extreme south of empire! In a hybridized style later defeated Bahmani forces and recovered most of the empire largely. Reached its height during the time of king Krishnadevaraya 's personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, cavalrymen! The emblem of the Sangama dynasty major source for construction of family history of Sangama.. Remains today Vitthala and Hazara Ramaswamy temples are examples of Deccan architecture on... [185] Its legacy of sculpture, architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end. Daily Current Affairs Programme (CAP) PDF + Videos covering multiple sources7. (250 words) Reference Ncert Directive word Analyze-here we have to examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts, Continue reading "3 . Rice, Sorghum (jowar), cotton, and pulse legumes grew in semi-arid regions, while sugarcane, and wheat thrived in rainy areas. UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2023 (CSAT Answer Key). (150 Words) Answer 1 Approach
Medieval India History Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1672) 2 minute read Total 0 Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1672) Prominent languages Kannada, Telegu, Sanskrit Consist of four major dynasties viz. Various copper plate inscriptions of krishnadevraya time. [47], After the death of Virupaksha Raya II in 1485, Saluva Narasimha led a coup that ended the dynastic rule while continuing to defend the empire from raids by the Sultanates created from the continuing disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate in its north. The Persian visitor Firishta attributes Deva Raya II's war preparations, which included augmenting his armies with Muslim archers and cavalry, to be the cause of the conflict. [57][58] Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of King Krishnadevaraya. Discuss the contribution of Vijayanagar in art and literature. [4][5][note 1] The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Perso-Turkic Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. Some inscriptions record an instance of victory in war or religious festival, and retribution or a curse on those who do not honor the grant. [88] In the fertile agricultural areas near the Tungabhadra River, canals were dug to guide the river water into irrigation tanks. When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542, Sadashiva Raya, the teenage nephew of Achyuta Raya, was appointed king, and Rama Raya, Krishna Deva Raya's son-in-law, becoming the caretaker. Bitragunta inscription is the major source for construction of family history of sangama dynasty. Riyaz-ul-Insha, Manazir-ul-insha are his works. Veeranarasimha started rule of Tuluva dynasty. The Tottiyans were shepherds who later gained marginal ruling status (poligars), Saurashtrans were traders who came from present-day Gujarat and rivalled the Brahmins for some benefits, the Reddys were agriculturists and the Uppilia were salt farmers. Popular temple destinations charged visitor fees called Perayam or Kanike. [188] At Hampi, the Vitthala and Hazara Ramaswamy temples are examples of their pillared Kalyanamantapa style. This is especially evident from the number of temple cash grants that were made. In this lecture, Mahipal Singh Rathore talks about the medieval Vijayanagar Empire of South India, Rule of Krishna Deva Raya , Battle of TalikotaHistory . In 1442, Abdul Razzaq, who visited from Persia, described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and bazaars (markets). [17][18] He created the Kampili kingdom near Gulbarga and Tungabhadra River in the northeastern parts of present-day Karnataka state. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, members of a pastoralist cowherd community that claimed Yadava lineage. [59], Krishna Deva Raya was succeeded by his younger half-brother Achyuta Deva Raya in 1529. Saluva Narashimha defeated the Gajapatis and held Udayagiri, drove out the Pandyas from Tanjore, and took procession of Machilipatnam and Kondaveedu. Day 43Question 1: Discuss the contribution of Vijayanagar in art and literature. The structure also contained sub-castes and caste clusters ("Jati"). Despite many attempts by nobles and members of the royal family to overthrow him, Narasa Nayaka retained control as a regent king till 1503. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of Bukka and the Hazare Rama temple of Deva Raya are examples of Deccan architecture. Foreign currency was in circulation. Borbosa referred to the religious. When a sister of Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur was married to Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar, the town of Sholapur was given to the bride by her family. A Sanskrit work, Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya, refers to Virupaksha as Karnata Rajya Raksha Mani ("protective jewel of Karnata Empire"). King Krishnadevaraya's personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalrymen, and over 900 elephants. Join StudyIQs Test Series for various examinations and evaluate your preparation.Click on this link to know more : http://bit.ly/3H13vma Optional Papers are an important component of the Mains examination. Persian, Arabic and Urdu literature flourished in this period. Vijyanagar empire came to an end with this. UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2023 (CSAT Answer Key). Large vessels from China made frequent visits and brought Chinese products to the empire's 300 ports, large and small, on the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. [30], In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra River and earned the title of "master of the eastern and western seas" (Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara). Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu language witnessed voluminous literature in Vijayanagar period. It is a UNESCO world heritage site. [53] In the following decades, the empire covered Southern India and successfully defeated invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates to its north. [19] The kingdom collapsed after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate and upon their defeat, the populace committed a jauhar (ritual mass suicide) in c. [162] Among writings by native authors, the important Sanskrit works that shed light on the empire are Vidyaranya Kalajnana, Dindima's Ramabhyudayam on the life of King Saluva Narasimha, Dindima II's Achyutabhyudayam and Tirumalamba's Varadambika Parinayam. He was a great commander and an efficient administrator. He encouraged classical dance forms such like Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi, which reached its height during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya. In the Telugu districts the temple tax was called Srotriyas, in the Tamil speaking districts it was called as Jodi. The five states which were collectively called the Deccan Sultanates were: Adil Shahi of Bijapur (1490) Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar (1490) Imad Shahi of Berar (1490) [128] Majority Others interpret the term Hinduraya Suratrana to mean "protectors of the gods of (or among) the Hindu kings". After its defeat to the Sultanates in 1565 and the sacking of the royal capital Vijayanagara, the diminished empire moved its capital to Southern Andhra Pradesh, creating an enterprise dominated by Telugu language. They made Hampi the capital city. [94], East coast trade routes were busy, with goods arriving from Golkonda where rice, millet, pulses and tobacco were grown on a large scale. According to legend they were officers of Muhammad Tughluq. The empire was founded in the fourteenth century (1336 AD) by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty. [118] Inscriptions of the 15th and 16th centuries record the practice of dowry among commoners as well. The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Kingdom or Vijayanagara Samrajya, was established in 1336 CE on the southern banks of river Tungabhadra in the present state of Karnataka in India. After the death of Narasimha 2, Narasa nayaka installed his son veeranarsimha on throne. The Vijayangar Empire was founded by 2 brothers, Harihara and Bukka. The generals captured Rama Raya and beheaded him, and Sultan Hussain had the severed head stuffed with straw for display. It combined features of both the Nagara school and Dravidian school and resulted in a hybridized style. [143], The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism. The rulers who occupied the top of this hierarchy assumed the honorific Varnasramadharma (lit, "helpers of the four classes and four stages"). In South India they were loosely called the Nayakas. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies to the region such as water management systems for irrigation. But other dynasties were Vaishnavites. Venkata II was contemporary to Akbar. [112], Well-to-do men wore the Petha or Kulavi, a tall turban made of silk and decorated with gold. More than one mandapa was built in each temple. These canals had sluices that were opened and closed to control the water flow. Conquests led to large-scale migration of people leading to marginalisation of natives of a place. The walls of the temples were highly decorated with carvings and geometrical patterns. He was also the supreme commander of the army. His governor Saluva Narasimha reduced the loss of territory by holding almost all of coastal Andhra Pradesh south of the Krishna river, Chittoor, the two Arcots and Kolar. All the dynasties had their unique contribution in the development of the southern India and several of them plated role in the intermixing of one culture with another. Identification of castes and sub-castes was made based on temple affiliations, lineage, family units, royal retinues, warrior clans, occupational groups, agricultural and trade groups, devotional networks, and even priestly cabals. [134], The Bhakti (devotional) movement was active during this time, and involved well known Haridasas (devotee saints) of that time. [97], The Hindu social order was prevalent and it influenced daily life in the empire. (200 Words) Vijayanagar means 'city of victory', this empire constitutes imp chapter in the history of India which ruled AD 1336 to 1672. Admissions closing on 10 DEC'22 | Enrol now - https://bit.ly/upscbatch9A time-tested focused method for clearing Prelims 20231. [163][164], The Persian visitor Abdur Razzak wrote in his travelogues that the empire enjoyed a high level of monetization. According to Talbot, caste was more importantly determined by occupation or the professional community people belonged to, although the family lineage (Gotra) and the broad distinction described in sacred Hindu texts were also factors. Jeevadhanam was collected for cattle graze on non-private lands. The geography of both the kingdoms was such that expansion was possible only across Tungabhadra in the Deccan. [75], The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire maintained the administrative methods developed by their predecessors, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms. It also had Islamic influence. The features of the temples were as follows: Conflict of rulers of Vijayanagar with their contemporary rulers: The emergence of Rashtrakutas in the eighth century A.D., in south India marked the beginning of a medieval era in the southern part of India. These defeats reduced the Vijayanagara Empire's prestige, described by an inscription which described the Gajapati king as "a yawning lion to the sheep of the Karnatak King". [152] According to Suryanath U. Kamath about 7000 stone inscriptions, half of which are in Kannada, and about 300 copper plates which are mostly in Sanskrit, have been recovered.
After his death, Achyutadeva and Sadashivraya succeeded the throne. [20][21] The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336CE as a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South India. [115] Royal palaces and marketplaces had special arenas where royalty and common people amused themselves by watching sports such as cock fight, ram fight and female wrestling. Their artillery was manned by expert Turkish gunmen while the Vijayanagara army depended on European mercenaries using outdated artillery. The Vijayanagara temples of Kolar, Kanakagiri, Sringeri and other towns of Karnataka; the temples of Tadpatri, Lepakshi, Ahobilam, Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and Srikalahasti in Andhra Pradesh; and the temples of Vellore, Kumbakonam, Kanchi and Srirangam in Tamil Nadu are examples of this style. [82], On the battlefield, the king's commanders led the troops.
He was a great patron of literature and art and he was known as, Due the death of his son ,Krishnadevaraya received nervous breakdown and passed away. Some members of the royal family were writers of merit and authored important works such as Jambavati Kalyana by King Krishnadevaraya,[8] and Madura Vijayam (also known as Veerakamparaya Charita) by Princess Gangadevi, a daughter-in-law of King Bukka I, dwells on the conquest of the Madurai Sultanate by the Vijayanagara empire. Preferred for its durability, local hard granite was the building material of choice, as it had been for the Badami Chalukyas. ; It stretched from the river Krishna in the north to the extreme south of the peninsula. The battle of Bannihatti or Talikota in 1565 between the Vijayanagra and all the successors of Bahmani kingdom leads to end of the vijayanagra empire. The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 A.D.) In comparison, the Vijayanagara army depended on slow moving war elephants, a cavalry riding mostly locally bred weaker horses wielding shorter reach javelines, and their archers used traditional bamboo bows with a shorter range. (150 Words). [108][109][110], The socio-religious movements that gained popularity in the previous centuries, such as Lingayatism, provided momentum for flexible social norms that helped the cause of women. [170], The Kannada poets and scholars of the empire produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava Bhakti movement heralded by the Haridasas (devotees of Vishnu), Brahminical and Veerashaiva (Lingayatism) literature. The empire ruled from 1336 AD to 1646 AD although the power of the empire declined after the Battle of Talikota in 1565 AD. Coins were minted using gold, silver, copper and brass and their value depended on material weight. [71] Tirumala abdicated in 1572, dividing the remains of his kingdom to his three sons. Thirumala, Sri Ranga and Venkata II were the important rulers of this dynasty. [99] Epigraphy studies by Talbot suggests that members within a family could have different social status based on their occupation and the upward movement of a caste or sub-caste was not uncommon based on the breakthroughs achieved by an individual or a group of individuals from the community. Introduce briefly about the medieval era of south India. The administrative and court languages of the Empire were Kannada and Telugu, the latter gained even more cultural and literary prominence during the reign of the last Vijayanagara kings, especially Krishnadevaraya. He was possibly the most successful of the Sangama Dynasty rulers. [151], Most Vijayanagara empire inscriptions recovered so far are in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil, and a few in Sanskrit. The security of the merchandise was guaranteed by the administration officials. [119] To oppose this influence, in the year 1553, the Brahmin community passed a mandate under royal decree and popularized the kanyadana within the community. All high-ranking ministers and officers were required to have military training. He wrote his memoir as Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga, in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight the best provided city in the world". [66] Regarding the Vijayanagara defeat in battle, Kamath opines that the Sultanate armies, though numerically disadvantaged, were better equipped and trained. It is important to lay a comprehensive and strong General Studies foundation for the exam. He had to contend against the successor states which rose after the breakdown of the Bahamani sultanate, like the Bijapur sultanate. Without a good score in Optionals, it is difficult to get a good rank. Examples: Monuments at Gulbarga: Shah bazaar mosque, Hafta Gumbaz, Jama masjid etc. This harmonious exchange of architectural ideas must have happened during rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms. The Sultanates' army plundered Hampi and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains today. Different temple building traditions in South and Central India were merged into the Vijayanagara architecture style. The Portuguese visitors to the empire were Domingo Paes (1522), Ferno Nunes (1537),[157] Duarte Barbosa (1516) and Barradas (1616), and Athanasius Nikitin (1470) came from Russia. [114] Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters and records mention regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peacetime. [182], Notable among secular writings on music and medicine were Vidyaranya's Sangitsara, Praudha Raya's Ratiratnapradipika, Sayana's Ayurveda Sudhanidhi and Lakshmana Pandita's Vaidyarajavallabham. L'esploratore Amico Di Leonardo Da Vinci, Scomparso In Oriente", "Sati Memorial Stones of Vijayanagara Period - A Study", Social Relations in the Maratha Country in the Medieval Period, "Indian Christians and The Making of Composite Culture in South India", "Group of Monuments at Hampi-Cultural Sites", "Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia", "Salman Rushdie's new novel is an ode to storytelling and freedom", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijayanagara_Empire&oldid=1158336745, States and territories established in 1336, States and territories disestablished in 1646, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 June 2023, at 12:29. The Age of Vijaya Nagara (1336-1647) AD : In 1336, Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka, who were two brothers and served in the army of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. [6] It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. Generally, temple pillars had the mythical creature Yali engraved on them. Handmade and concise Lecture Notes, Handouts on static topics4.
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