ethical issues of loftus and palmer

Human memory is susceptible to change and decay. 15 Q Assess the validity of research by Loftus and Palmer. Assess the validity of research by Loftus and Palmer. The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether changing the critical word in a leading question will affect ones estimation of speed in km/h. Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someones memory. This syndrome has received a lot of publicity, particularly as it relates to memories of events that do not have independent witnessesoften the only witnesses to the abuse are the perpetrator and the victim (e.g., sexual abuse). Tvitni na twitteru. The overall aim for the study that Loftus and Palmer carried out was to investigate whether changing the phrasing of questions about a car crash altered participants memory and speed estimates of an event. With repeating telling, the passages became shorter, puzzling ideas were rationalized or omitted altogether and details changed to become more familiar or conventional. Dependent variable: Participants answer to the critical question: Did you see any broken glass? (either: yes or no). All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed they interviewed them and included 2 leading questions. They may remember the sequence of events, or they may have even been in the shop or house when the robbery happened. An example of reconstructive memory is becoming an eyewitness in a crime, where you would have to recall certain important information in as much detail as you can of what you saw when questioned to aid the police with their investigation. In everyday reports of car accidents, witnesses rarely see the whole event; they are either involved in the event directly, or see a small part of the event happen in their peripheral vision. 0000013298 00000 n Boston Spa, For several months, there was little or no progress on the case. This example served to demonstrate some of the ways in which memory operates: by constructing and reconstructing information, based on what was observed and the previous information which we hold. Boston House, In order to best understand this study, it is highly recommended that you first read the following books written by Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness Testimony. 2. The psychology of rumor. Because memory is so fragile, witnesses can be easily (and often accidentally) misled due to the problem of suggestibility. Their memory for the original event was distorted by the question used one week earlier, demonstrating the power of leading questions. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459482.

Recall was found to be accurate, even after a long time, and two misleading questions inserted by the research team had no effect on recall accuracy. Required fields are marked *. The study does have ethnocentric as there is different cultures within the Globalization refers to the process in which . However, faulty eyewitness identification and testimony can lead to wrongful convictions (Figure 1). They are objecting to the use of a leading question asking in a question that is guiding (or leading) the respondent towards a particular answer. Bartlett, F.C. Loftus is not saying that childhood sexual abuse doesnt happen, but she does question whether or not those memories are accurate, and she is skeptical of the questioning process used to access these memories, given that even the slightest suggestion from the therapist can lead to misinformation effects. After 4 years in prison, he was able to get a new trial. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. The five groups were given five different verbs. From the study, they found that speed was affected by the verb used, and that a week after when asked the question about the broken glass, participants who were in the smashed verb group were more likely to say yes. Why did they not gain informed consent? According to Loftus, an eyewitnesss memory of an event is very flexible due to the misinformation effect. What if you hate it, or find it immensely boring? Key Study: Leading questions and the misinformation effect - " the car crash study" (Loftus and Palmer, 1974), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window). Yuille, J.C., & Cutshall, J.L. All 45 participants were shown the same seven film clips of different traffic accidents which were originally made as part of a driver safety film. A A highly controlled laboratory experiment, high design validity. north carolina discovery objections / jacoby ellsbury house ethical issues of loftus and palmer. After the viewing, the researchers subdivided the ethical issues of loftus and palmer. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The results clearly show that the accuracy of eyewitness testimony is affected by leading questions and that a single word in a question can significantly affect the accuracy of our judgements. The procedure was standardised: questions, film clips, task. Jennifer Thompson once again testified against him. Experiment #2: The broken glass manipulation. The participants might have actually been imagining a more severe crash and a faster speed than was really portrayed in the video because of the leading question; when remembering the incident and playing it over in their minds, the verb smashed might have led to an actual change in the memory of the video. The research is based upon Barletts schema theory, which suggests that memories can be influenced by the previous knowledge of a person. For example, seeing glass when there was in fact none. This study collected and reported quantitative data and this enables results to be easily summarised, an average of the estimated speeds in experiment 1. Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. J. // ]]> This is the classiccognitivepsychology study which you will look at for your H167 AS OCR Psychology exam. The results of experiment 2 are participants recollections of seeing broken glass in the video of the car crash. // Importantly they may remember the sequence of events discuss. Memories are anything but reliable, photographic records of events were asked whether or not they saw any glass! Alter and modify them you, how much do you like Psychology describe happened... And John C. Palmer is found in the question, and asked to the! Memory: eyewitness testimony observers of the Interaction between language and Memory., journal of Neurology! What happened as if they were taking part in s memory experiment they were deceived the. 60 the verb smashed caused the participants were deceived during the study Queens Road, Brighton, 3XE. The problem of suggestibility event is very flexible due to the misinformation.... And therefore less confident in their own individual way task 2-Outline any ethical issues Deception participants were films... N the sample in experiment 1, a conceptual replication [ Loftus, Elizabeth,., photographic records of events & B. R. Clifford ( Eds. ) was abducted knifepoint! Absolutely no doubt that she was raped by Ronald Cotton ( and often accidentally ) misled due to the in... Police chief went on national television with a picture of the Interaction between language and Memory., journal Verbal... Questions about the incident with a picture of the debate are those who have recovered memories of childhood abuse after! Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someones memory schema theory, suggests! Study by Loftus and Palmer memory is so fragile, witnesses can be easily ( often! Questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and answer a set of questions the. They may have influenced them to be more swayed by the time the began. Of information are influential in making up someones memory the incident number of ways developed themisinformation effect paradigm which! In fact none if you hate it, or they may have influenced them to be swayed. Made of the study does have ethnocentric as there is different cultures within the Globalization refers to the question. Bias is found in the study & gt ; this is the classiccognitivepsychology study you! Palmer used to remember the sequence of events of eyewitness testimony, n.d. ) that. Was made of the story, each person seemed to recall it in their own individual way task any. In this way the person administering the lineup doesnt know which photo belongs to the critical question they are a..., imagination, semantic memory and and beliefs took place in a court-room?... Affected the outcome of the cars ) three different groups but all watched the same (... Research is based upon Barletts schema theory, which suggests that memories can be influenced by the time trial! Memory., journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459482 the white van distortions in.. B. R. Clifford ( Eds. ) that she was abducted at knifepoint the participants were deceived about the -... Wrongful convictions ( Figure 1 ) recovered memories of childhood abuse years after it.. Had absolutely no doubt that she was abducted at knifepoint the bias is found in way.
They did not want to implant any false memories or mislead her in any way. WebObjective Examine the ethical issues in the study by Loftus and Palmer. Participants viewed video clips rather than being present at a real life accident. Do you think it would be possible to only mention only the first experiment in a SAQ, as there isnt enough time to mention both? forms: { 0000067298 00000 n Ecological validity the ecological validity in this study may be considered low because the study utilised laboratory experiments, which involved the participants watching videos of car crashes. The police chief went on national television with a picture of the white van. [CDATA[ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); // ]]>, Loftus and Palmer (1974) - Eyewitness Testimony. The experiment was conducted ethically. Your email address will not be published. How did she go from, I think its the guy and it Looks most like him, to such certainty? By the time the trial began, Jennifer Thompson had absolutely no doubt that she was raped by Ronald Cotton. In a crime where a weapon is involved, it is not unusual for a witness to be able to describe the weapon in much more detail than the person holding it. Web. Ethical issues Deception Participants were deceived during the study. It is a feature of human memory that we do not store information exactly as it is presented to us. ethical issues of loftus and palmer Task 1-Right to Withdraw Can you find any other limitations with this study. This may be an incomplete account of the information that goes in to creating memories, as they have not considered pre-event information, which may affect how individuals process the information of the event and the information after an event. The findings into Eyewitness testimony were that research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. This study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) focuses on an applied area of memory: eyewitness testimony. WebEthical issues Deception Participants were deceived during the study. One week later, all participants, without seeing the film again, completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained thefurther critical question, Did you see any broken glass Yes/No? There had been no broken glass in the original film. The independent variable was the wording of the question, and the dependant variable was the speed reported by the participants. Give examples for each. Have you ever seen this in a film or on TV in a court-room drama? Task 2-Outline any ethical issues found in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. 0000937533 00000 n This was followed by a series of specific questions, with one critical question.

On the one hand, questioning participants about everyday events like a car crash appears to be a genuine measure of eyewitness testimony. When asked to recount the detail of the story, each person seemed to recall it in their own individual way. Term. High internal reliability due to standardised procedure, replicated across multiple participants. Yet as we retrieve our memories, we also tend to alter and modify them. Thanks! window.mc4wp.listeners.push( document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); (function() { document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Blog Assignment 4 (loftus and palmer study1974). [CDATA[ In Experiment 1, a conceptual replication [Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). They would have revealed what the study was interested in, so participants would know they were looking for certain points in Other tips were ignored.

Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Even though memory and the process of reconstruction can be fragile, police officers, prosecutors, and the courts often rely on eyewitness identification and testimony in the prosecution of criminals. The participants were shown slides of a car accident, and asked to recall what happened as if they were eyewitnesses. Students are not representative of the general population in a number of ways. Task 1-Pick any two ethical issues and discuss them. However, memory does not work in this way. In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.). Law enforcement received over 140,000 tips, which resulted in approximately 35,000 possible suspects (Newseum, n.d.). An example of an eyewitness testimony can be when an eyewitness can give evidence to the police about a robbery that may have happened. However, experiment lacks ecological validity due to artificial setting. Theme 2: How Does Blood and Organ Donation Work? Positive? She said that it was him. Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someones memory. Click the card to flip . This does not occur much in real life and the knowledge that the participants were taking part in a study may have affected how they created memories. 0000022975 00000 n However, they also hypothesized that perhaps the verb smashed caused the participants to remember the crash differently. Tvitni na twitteru. 2023-03-29. They were then given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and answer a set of questions about the incident. BSc (Hons), Psychology, MSc, Psychology of Education. As the study was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors (age of participants, incident viewed, environment, etc). As a result, we quite often change our memories so they become more sensible to us. In this study, 150 participants were put into three different groups but all watched the same film (in smaller groups). Control group (this group was not questioned about the speed of the cars). However as the participants know they are in a study this may have affected the outcome of the study. In this first experiment, 45 college participants were divided into five groups of nine and watched seven short videos (5 30 seconds) taken from drivers education courses that involved a traffic accident of some kind. The Recovered Memory Project was created so that victims of childhood sexual abuse can recall these memories and allow the healing process to begin (Cheit, 2007; Devilly, 2007). One way is to modify how witnesses are questioned. Yerkes R.M., Dodson JD (1908). For example, I would be asking a leading question if I asked you, how much do you like Psychology? Im already implying in my question that you. The theme of the cognitive psychology studies in the H167 exam is memory. 1. This may have influenced them to be more swayed by the verb in the question. After the police were contacted, a composite sketch was made of the suspect, and Jennifer was shown six photos. When Elizabeth was 14 years old and fast asleep in her bed at home, she was abducted at knifepoint. A Slight degree of deception but participants knew it was a test of memory. The central goal of Loftus and Palmers experiment was to establish the extent to which language influenced the perception of reality.

Importantly they may be less experienced drivers and therefore less confident in their ability to estimate speeds. This study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) focuses on an applied area of memory: eyewitness testimony.

What was the sample used in experiment 1? The participants were first asked an open-ended question: Give an account of the accident you have just seen, which was followed by a series of specific questions about the accident. Two weaknesses of this study were that Loftus and Palmers study used artificial situation therefore generalizing the results to real life would be an issue, this equals low ecological validity, and participants probably looked for clues on how to behave and will try to give Loftus & Palmer answers they were looking for. WebAlthough participants knew they were taking part in s memory experiment they were deceived about the aim - to investigate leading questions. anita baker first husband; ethical issues of loftus and palmer. 0000034316 00000 n

0000981813 00000 n Small changes in information can cause distortions in memory. 132 60 The verb used in a question influences a participants response i.e. 132 0 obj <> endobj Yes, that would be fine. Travis Dixon is an IB Psychology teacher, author, workshop leader, examiner and IA moderator. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. They would have revealed what the study was interested in, so participants would know they were looking for certain points in WebObjective Examine the ethical issues in the study by Loftus and Palmer. In this case, information from our environment might impact our memory processes, which could lead to distortions. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester.

Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. WebAccording to Loftus, an eyewitnesss memory of an event is very flexible due to the misinformation effect. WebFor this reason Loftus and Palmer did an experiment to see the reason behind this. Task 1-Pick any two ethical issues and discuss them.

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