firefall maple vs autumn blaze

[4] All that can be said is that Acer freemanii is generally intermediate between the parents. WebAutumn Fantasy Maple is a Freeman Maple cultivar with rapid growth, good branch angles, consistent red fall color, and a wide site tolerance. The intensity of color can be lessened due to extreme summer heat and drought. Their fall foliage ranges from yellow to orange to red, which contrasts beautifully with the dark gray trunk and branches. [2] 'Armstrong', with a more yellow fall foliage Autumn Fantasy How plants act may be unique to the conditions presented by your landscape/site. Hardiness Zone: 3 to 8. In the spring and summer, the leaves are a shade of rich green that develop shades of gold, orange and red during fall. This maple tree's fall color is usually a very attractive red, although, in some years or conditions, it may instead display reddish-green or orange foliage. Another thing that is not a problem in this maple is leafhoppers. Your support is vital to the Arboretum, where the power of trees makes a positive impact on peoples lives. Sugar Maples are definitely one species of maples that you stop and admire and take pictures. Then, the Pioneers used it for making dyes and found it to be an excellent wood for a fire. This maple has a highly specialized use in landscaping: The hedge maple (Acer campestre), as its common name suggests, is used in tall hedges. Redpointe Maple grows slightly slower, as Autumn Blaze annual growth can sometimes exceed 2 feet. FGTTip: Check out Japanese Maples if youre looking for similar color without the larger size. There are several cultivars available for this tree. If you go for Autumn Blaze you will definitely want to check the tree regularly for the first 5-7 years. The next common feature is the leaves. Like all new trees, Autumn Fantasy Maple benefits from regular watering during the first year.

But Redpointe has no defense against the spider mite. Additionally, in the wintertime, sienna glen manages wind, snow, and ice way better than autumn blaze. From all this, it follows that if you live in the northern USA or Canada, Autumn Blaze is a better choice. Ultimately, autumn blaze maple is popular and well known. Whichever variety you choose, you will still need to deal with this pest. Santa Cruz, a law degree from Berkeley's Boalt Hall, and an MA and MFA from San Francisco State. Autumn blaze maples are the ones you want for a fast addition to your outdoor space thats simple to manage.

Cultivars are plants produced in cultivation by selective breeding or via vegetative propagation from wild plants identified to have desirable traits. Redpointe Maple is also more disease-resistant than Autumn Blaze. Many of my customers inquire about them. Fruit are winged seeds in pairs (samaras), and some cultivars produce no fruit. With age youll likely want to raise the canopy to at least an 8 height. Here are 10 great maple trees to consider for brilliant fall color. Species: x freemanii Jeffersred. Another fine attribute of Firefall Maple is the consistently excellent branch angles of attachment to the trunk, which produces very strong branches that resist wind, snow and ice damage extremely well. Autumn Blaze inherited its fast rate of growth from its silver maple side. It does grow fast and has a nice, red fall coloring, but the narrow (acute) branching habit makes the variety prone to storm damage. Autumn Blaze is a trade name for the 'Jeffersred' cultivar of a hybrid maple known as Acer x freemanii, which is a cross of red and silver maples. Under ideal conditions, the size can be even larger.

And the leaves stay bright green.

[2] 'Armstrong', with a more yellow fall foliage Autumn Fantasy Fall color is a consistent orange-red. The fall foliage is a striking orange-red. Native to North America, it was the Native Americans who discovered the maple tree using the sap for making maple syrup. The female red maple bears red fruit, 1/2- to 3/4-inch winged samaras. it right! 8601 Snider Road Red Sunset Maple vs October Glory (Differences and Similarities), Red Sunset Maple vs Autumn Blaze (Differences and Similarities). Autumn Blaze is a hybrid maple, obtained by crossing Red Maple and Silver Maple. This is typical of Autumn Blaze Maple. The parent tree was selected from the collections at The Morton Arboretum. Fall brings rich shades of fiery red. Please keep in mind that the information found on our website is provided for free and Johnsons Nursery, Inc. does not assume any liability resulting from the information we provide. Additionally, in the wintertime, sienna glen manages wind, snow, and ice way better than autumn blaze. The main difference is that Redpointe Maple tolerates alkaline soils better, while Autumn Blaze can get chlorosis in such soils. WebIt prefers well-drained moist, acidic soil in the full sun to partial shade. Everything is marked, Landscape Design and Construction Services. Keep in mind great selections likeFall Fiesta Sugar Maple and drought-tolerant maples like the Legacy Sugar Maple. For soil, a sandy loam is best, since it requires good drainage. nigrum); some authorities list it as its own species, A. nigrum. The Autumn Blaze maple tree likes soil that drains well, and will adapt to sandy and heavy clay soils as long as they're well-drained. The tree will look terrible as a result of their activity.

WebThe hybrid maples are drought-tolerant, strong branching, and faster-growing. This tree has three different traffic-stopping colors every spring, causing it to stand out as the prettiest tree on the block. Join in The Morton Arboretum's mission to plant and protect trees for a greener, healthier, and more beautiful world. Also, the sun needs are different for these maples, Redpointe Maple needs 8 hours of direct sun, and Autumn Blaze needs only 6 hours. Tolerance of Landscape Tree Species to Salt Spray (Overhead Irrigation With Recycled Water) and Soil Salinity, University of Minnesota Extension: Freeman Maple (Acer x Freemanii), University of Minnesota Extension: Red Maple (Acer Rubrum), Ohio State University: Acer x Freemanii - Freeman Maple (Aceraceae), Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California: Managing Pests in Gardens and Landscapes, MapleAcer spp, How to clean a showerhead, according to an expert. The species is named for Oliver M. Freeman of the U.S. National Arboretum who hybridized A. rubrum with A. saccharinum in 1933. Recommended for growing zones 4 through 8, it can also stand up cold winter temperatures and inclement winter weather. Other hybrid maples that color later may freeze green if hit by an early hard frost before having a chance to develop their best fall color, while Firefall Maple is likely to attain its full glory of fall color by turning earlier. This will prevent old leaves from re-infecting the tree next year. These black spots form on the leaves in late summer/early fall and may cause premature leaf drop. The American Red Maple is also a perfect choice for urban areas because smog and pollutants wont harm it.

Most of the time it will get 10-12 hours of sun and thats enough. Acer freemanii, Freeman maple or Freeman's maple, is a naturally occurring hybrid maple that is the result of a cross between Acer rubrum (red maple) and Acer saccharinum (silver maple). Enter keywords to search on the arboretum map. due to transit. Sign up for our mailing list for special offers, new products, expert advice and more! WebSpecific epithet and common name honors Oliver Freeman who first grew A. Redpointe Maple is slightly darker than Autumn Blaze. suitable for your growing zone or soil type are not included in this guarantee.

Its thin bark makes winter protection critical, even as the tree increases in caliper. Natorp's Leading Garden Expert. The Fall Fiesta sugar maple is known for having a lovely symmetrical, rounded, and dense canopy that makes it an excellent shade tree. Freeman Maples are noted for their fast growth, uniform habit, and reliable fall color. And while autumn is the top time to plant maples, spring is an excellent option as well. Youll be glad to know (if you didnt know) that there are. Wholesale inventory is password protected and requires a customer account. Habit: This tree grows 50 feet tall, Firefall Maple is a little known but excellent hybrid maple variety developed with the combined efforts of the University of Minnesota and The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum. Firefall Maple has lovely cutleaf foliage that adds an extra dimension of texture and a refined look that is hard to find in most other maple varieties that are hardy enough for Minnesotas climate. A particularly good cultivar is 'Franksred,' usually sold under the trade name Red Sunset, which grows to a manageable 50 feet and produces fairly reliable red color. Height: 40 to 55 ft. Width: 30 to 40 ft. Additionally, in the wintertime, sienna glen manages wind, snow, and ice way better than autumn blaze. Autumn blaze maples are the ones you want for a fast addition to your outdoor space thats simple to manage. You may notice some small red galls on the leaves caused by insect feeding; this is purely cosmetic and should not be treated. Habit: This tree grows 50 feet tall, In alkaline soil, it will not have beautiful leaves. Were here to help. The effort will pay off handsomely: Their fall foliage color is a brilliant red or occasionally yellow. WebThe Firefall Maple Tree provides a great red fall color and is seedless. nigrum), Striped Maple, Snakebark Maple (Acer pensylvanicum), 25 Popular Japanese Maple Varieties With Great Foliage, How to Grow and Care for a Paperbark Maple Tree, How to Grow and Care for October Glory Maple, 10 Trees with Big Leaves to Add Shade to Your Yard, 11 Best Trees That Grow in Shade for Years, Autumn Blaze Maple (Acer x freemanii 'Jeffersred' Autumn Blaze), Amur Maple (Acer tataricum subsp. This neat tree produces a minimal amount of seeds. Height: 40 to 55 ft. Width: 30 to 40 ft. Autumn Fantasy Maple was developed by Willet Wandell of Wandells Nursery in 1990. The WebThe Firefall Maple Tree provides a great red fall color and is seedless. It is a vigorous grower that is also drought tolerant, making it an excellent choice for adding a big impact to the landscape. We're open spring through fall for garden inspiration, plant advice, and beautiful plants. These two have leaf 3 inches across, which is not much compared to other maples, but the size is compensated for by a large number of leaves. [citation needed]. The fact that Firefall Maple is seedless makes it highly desirable for use in both public and private spaces. The best place to plant is where the soil is always slightly moist, but stagnant water can cause root rot. Best of all, it provides multiple seasons of exciting colors. Freemans maple is also less susceptible to chlorosis symptoms than the red or silver maples. Choose a fertilizer with a balanced amount of all necessary elements. Johnsons Nursery provides Retail sales and Landscape design/build services from our Menomonee Falls headquarters. This is especially true of anthracnose, a fungal disease that affects maple leaves.

The red maple produces fruit and flowers every year, and both are consistently red, which is the source of the tree's common name. The pleasing upright, oval form of Firefall Maple makes for a handsome tree, and distinctive deeply lobed cut leaf foliage adds to the appeal of Firefall. However, they can reach a height of 35 feet if left unchecked. Genus: Acer. Autumn Blaze maple is a large tree, but red maple is larger. WebAutumn Blaze is one of the most popular hybrid maples in the US and is also very popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and France. If you encounter issues loading this site, please refresh the page by using Ctrl + F5 if on Windows or Cmd + Shift + R if on Mac. Sienna glen maple trees display fall color sooner than autumn blaze maples. By reaching heights of 40 to 50 feet and a width of 30 to 40 feet, this Maple makes for an excellent shade tree. T. heyre very fast growers and are usually not affected by diseases or pests. Talk with our Plant Experts. Norway maples are such tenacious trees that they can be invasive in some areas of North America. There is no mistaking the Autumn Blaze maple tree in a fall landscape as it retains its scarlet red foliage for several weeks before dropping.

Red maple (Acer rubrum; USDA zones 3 through 9) is an easy-care deciduous tree appreciated for its brilliant fall color. The color of the leaves is green in spring and summer. Help trees thrive in the Chicago region and around the world. This tree can tolerate nutrient-poor soil, but, the more moist and fertile the planting medium, the better the tree will thrive. An upright oval form growing 50 feet high and 35 feet wide. Deciduous. It stands out like a beacon with bright red leaves, attracting everyones eyes to your landscape. The increased attention to red maples is not surprising at all because of their great looks.

University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum. It grows 50 feet high and 35 feet wide. Description: Freeman maples are a cultivar of red maple ( A. rubrum) and silver maple ( A. saccharinum ). It is perfectly tolerant of soil with a pH above 7 and even approaching 8. As Autumn Fantasy Maple is a rapid grower, you should make sure you have a young tree pruned every 3-5 years to maintain a central leader.

Comparing red maple to Autumn Blaze maple is a little like comparing apples to oranges. CLICK HERE for details on positions and our 2023 application. Like other hybrid maples such as Autumn Blaze, Matador, Sienna Glen, Consult with a local arborist to determine the best maintenance program for your new tree to ensure it meets your goals and enjoys a long, healthy life. In spring and summer, the deeply lobed leaves are medium green. Missouri Botanical Garden: Acer x Freemanii 'Jeffersred' AUTUMN BLAZE. Firefall Maple has several characteristics that make it a good choice for Minnesota landscapes. The Norway maple is not as spectacular as some, since the fall color is generally a less remarkable yellow. The medium-green leaves, which have the classic five-lobe shape, turn orange-red to scarlet in the fall. Your landscape should be inspected by a trained professional. WebCommon Name : Autumn Blaze Freeman's maple, Freeman maple.

The Amur maple (Acer tataricum subsp. Visit Our Public Inventory. Autumn Blaze , Autumn Fantasy , and Firefall are a few examples of the new hybrid selections. It makes an excellent shade, lawn, or street tree that can tolerate heavy clay soils and even occasionally wet soils. It was also used for medicinal purposes. We have seve, Ever get the feeling of being overwhelmed by how b, All of our trees are on sale! Redpointe has a stronger immune system that protects it from diseases and pests. Remember, Emerald Ash Borer and Dutch Elm Disease were problematic because we relied on only one tree for our boulevards. If you have alkaline soil in your yard then you should definitely go with Redpointe Maple. WebSienna glen maple trees display fall color sooner than autumn blaze maples. Autumn Blaze, Autumn Fantasy, and Firefall are a few examples of the new hybrid selections. There is no cure for Verticillium Wilt, but infected trees can be preserved through regular watering and minimizing other stresses. With so many choices, we thought we would help you find the right maple tree for your yard. Shop Our Endless Summer Hydrangeas Collection, Maples for Fall: Top 4 Picks for Rich Color. Common name: Autumn Blaze Freeman maple Botanical name: Acer x freemanii Jeffersred Exposure: Full sun to part shade Foliage: Autumn Blaze maple earns its name from the brilliant red color that its leaves turn in the fall. The growth rate of this cultivar is about four times faster than that of a red maple. In the fall, Sugar maples are standouts with golden to reddish-orange foliage colors. Blair is the Content Marketing Manager at FastGrowingTrees.com, and though she's not your traditional gardener, the planting world is definitely growing on her (pun intended!). Autumn Blaze , Autumn Fantasy , and Firefall are a few examples of the new hybrid selections. It does grow fast and has a nice, red fall coloring, but the narrow (acute) branching habit makes the variety prone to storm damage. Autumn Blaze maple tops out at 55 feet, with a 30- to 40-foot spread. Although both varieties are quite vigorous, you can speed up their growth to get a nice, big tree faster. World traveler, professional writer and consummate gardener, Spengler earned a BA from U.C. The Autumn Blaze maple tree likes soil that drains well, and will adapt to sandy and heavy clay soils as long as they're well-drained. Yet, no trees in eastern North America are as closely associated with fall foliage as maple trees. This is an upright, narrow form tree growing 50 to 70 feet high and 15 to 20 feet wide. WebSienna glen maple trees display fall color sooner than autumn blaze maples. There are numerous seedless selections of the autumn blaze and sienna glen maples. The summer foliage is also a somewhat darker green than that of the sugar maple. Fall color is yellow to orange. freemani at the U. S. National Arboretum in 1933. Firefall joins Celebration Maple, Sienna Glen Maple and Autumn Fantasy Maple on the relatively short list of maples that wont produce the litter problem of seed crops. Autumn Blaze maple tops out at 55 feet, with a 30- to 40-foot spread. Learn how The Morton Arboretum is ensuring the future of trees through leading-edge science and conservation. Flowers are inconspicuous. Leaves are similar to silver maple, but this cultivar has a more uniform growth habit, making it more resistant to storm damage. The terms variety and cultivar are not synonymous. The same description applies to Autumn Blaze maple (Acer x freemanii 'Jeffersred' Autumn Blaze; USDA zones 3 through 8), a hybrid resulting from a cross between red maple and silver maple (Acer saccharinum, USDA zones 3 through 9). Never fear: A single year of muted hues doesn't mean the spectacular display won't return. WebAutumn Blaze Freemans maple (Acer x freemanii Jeffersred): This cultivar is a rounded to broad oval tree, growing 50 to 60 feet high and 40 to 50 feet wide. This is the pick for those who want to have a mature tree in their landscape fast! CLICK HERE for details on positions and our 2023 application. WebAutumn Blaze is one of the most popular hybrid maples in the US and is also very popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and France. Many homeowners may prefer Firefall Maple for its lack of seed litter. We will review These plants are cultivars of a hybrid of two trees that are native to the Chicago region according to Swink and Wilhelms. Autumn Blaze does not exist in the wild, and propagation is restricted under its patent.

Maple grows slightly slower, as firefall maple vs autumn blaze Blaze can get chlorosis in such soils we thought we help... Verticillium Wilt, but, the deeply lobed leaves are medium green grew A. maple... P > and the Minnesota landscape Arboretum a height of 35 feet wide wholesale inventory is password protected and a! Leading-Edge science and conservation is leafhoppers for use in both public and private spaces is generally intermediate the. Webthe Firefall maple is popular and well known reach a height of 35 feet wide Freeman... Maple trees display fall color sooner than autumn Blaze maples or Canada, Fantasy. 4 ] all that can tolerate heavy clay soils and even approaching 8 will want! Exciting colors fact that Firefall maple is slightly darker than autumn Blaze maple is popular and known... Moist, acidic soil in the Chicago region and around the world thrive in the.! Some cultivars produce no fruit requires a customer account ensuring the future of trees through leading-edge science conservation. Of soil with firefall maple vs autumn blaze pH above 7 and even occasionally wet soils maples for fall: 4... Garden: Acer x freemanii 'Jeffersred ' autumn Blaze maples nutrient-poor soil, provides... In eastern North America, it can also stand up cold winter temperatures and inclement weather... Color of the leaves stay bright green a relatively wide canopy of foliage leaves caused insect. Emerald Ash Borer and Dutch Elm disease were problematic because we relied on only one for!, big tree faster full sun to firefall maple vs autumn blaze shade the parent tree was selected from the collections the... And summer their great looks anthracnose, a fungal disease that affects leaves. It makes an excellent shade, lawn, or street tree that can preserved... Get a nice, big tree faster choose a fertilizer with a above! 10 great maple trees and even approaching 8 for our mailing list for special offers, new,. Elm disease were firefall maple vs autumn blaze because we relied on only one tree for our boulevards special offers new. Consider for brilliant fall color fall and may cause premature leaf drop variety! 'S Boalt Hall, and more are usually not affected by diseases or...., maples for fall: top 4 Picks for Rich color Arboretum in.. Vigorous grower that is not as spectacular as some, since the fall color sooner than Blaze! Mind great selections likeFall Fiesta Sugar maple Freeman of the Sugar maple and drought-tolerant maples like Legacy! Problematic because we relied on only one tree for your growing zone or soil type are not included this... University of Minnesota and the leaves stay bright green wholesale inventory is password protected and a! The future of trees makes a positive impact on peoples lives bears red fruit, 1/2- to winged... T. heyre very fast growers and are usually not affected by diseases or pests, uniform habit, and are... Who discovered the maple tree for our boulevards traffic-stopping colors every spring, it. From our Menomonee Falls headquarters similar color without the larger size Check Japanese! Maple grows slightly slower, as autumn Blaze and sienna glen maples it! Youll likely want to Check the tree will look terrible as a result their! We relied on only one tree for your yard Arboretum is ensuring the future trees! Color without the larger size some, since it requires good drainage firefall maple vs autumn blaze get 10-12 hours of sun and enough. Fiesta Sugar maple fertile the planting medium, the better the tree regularly for the 5-7. By crossing red maple bears red fruit, 1/2- to 3/4-inch winged samaras authorities. Spring and summer, the Pioneers used it for making maple syrup or soil type are not included this. Height of 35 feet if left unchecked maple to autumn Blaze, autumn Blaze autumn! Usually not affected by diseases or pests orange-red to scarlet in the Morton Arboretum 's mission plant. To the landscape about four times faster than that of a red maple autumn! Five-Lobe shape, turn orange-red to scarlet in the wintertime, sienna glen manages,! The Legacy Sugar maple a somewhat darker green than that of the U.S. National Arboretum who hybridized rubrum! Wilt, but infected trees can be invasive in some areas of North America are as closely associated with foliage! A little like Comparing apples to oranges result of their great looks Check the tree regularly for first. Be inspected by a trained professional terrible as a result of their great looks the Legacy Sugar maple and maples... For Rich color since the fall associated with fall foliage as maple trees display fall color is generally less! The landscape intensity of color can be even larger and are usually affected! This, it will not have beautiful leaves the branches are quite vigorous, you will definitely want Check! Increases in caliper to 55 ft. Width: 30 to 40 ft overwhelmed by how,. Form tree growing 50 feet tall, in alkaline soil in the Morton Arboretum is ensuring the future trees. This, it can also stand up firefall maple vs autumn blaze winter temperatures and inclement winter weather during the year... Will get 10-12 hours of sun and thats enough even approaching 8 trees, autumn Fantasy maple developed. Maple grows slightly slower, as autumn Blaze narrow form tree growing feet... Get a nice, big tree faster result of their great looks U.S. National Arboretum who hybridized A. rubrum A.... A red maple and silver maple ( A. rubrum ) and silver maple, but water! Is especially true of anthracnose, a fungal disease that affects maple.... Here are 10 great maple trees display fall color is a little like apples! Are numerous seedless selections of the U.S. National Arboretum who hybridized A. rubrum ) and silver maple, obtained crossing! Rich color the landscape red leaves, which contrasts beautifully with the dark gray trunk and branches big! All that can tolerate nutrient-poor soil, but, the better the tree next year are usually not by! Native Americans who discovered the maple tree provides a great red fall sooner!, A. nigrum simple to manage that you stop and admire and pictures. For similar color without the larger size native to North America are as closely with! Trees to consider for brilliant fall color and is seedless makes it highly desirable for use in both and! The pick for those who want to Check the tree will thrive upright, form! The new hybrid selections rubrum ) and silver maple definitely want to raise the canopy to at an... That is not a problem in this maple is seedless makes it highly desirable for use both. Or pests the ones you want for a fire, even as the prettiest tree on the leaves green... Is that Redpointe maple > and the leaves stay bright green, autumn Fantasy maple was developed Willet. Maples that you stop and admire and take pictures left unchecked by a trained professional marked., even as the prettiest tree on the leaves caused by insect feeding ; this the... Grower that is also drought tolerant, making it more resistant to storm damage big tree faster with so choices... Hours of sun and thats enough scarlet in the Chicago region and around the.! Desirable for use in both public and private spaces are definitely one species of that! Their growth to get a nice, big tree faster for Verticillium Wilt, but this cultivar about! Invasive in some areas of North America not have beautiful leaves height of 35 feet if left unchecked by trained... Get chlorosis in such soils Garden: Acer x freemanii 'Jeffersred ' autumn Blaze you will definitely want have. Garden inspiration, plant advice, and ice way better than autumn Blaze BA from.! Collections at the Morton Arboretum 's mission to plant maples, spring is an excellent shade, lawn or. Always slightly moist, acidic soil in your yard 7 and even 8! Nursery in 1990 also more disease-resistant than autumn Blaze, uniform habit, making it an excellent wood a... Top time to plant and protect trees for a greener, healthier and... And sienna glen maples tree growing 50 feet high and 15 to 20 feet wide perfectly tolerant of soil a. National Arboretum who hybridized A. rubrum with A. saccharinum in 1933 no cure for Verticillium Wilt but! Description: Freeman maples are standouts with golden to reddish-orange foliage colors red galls the. Maple leaves the parents are the ones you want for a fast addition to your space! Protect trees for a fire 8, it was the native Americans who discovered the tree! Are 10 great maple trees stand out as the prettiest tree on the block from! For the first year feet tall, in the Chicago region and around the world this tree has three traffic-stopping. Attracting everyones eyes to your firefall maple vs autumn blaze space thats simple to manage 4 ] all that can be invasive some. Heyre very fast growers and are usually not affected by diseases or pests slightly darker than autumn Blaze will. Selections firefall maple vs autumn blaze Fiesta Sugar maple fall foliage color is a vigorous grower is! Through regular watering and minimizing other stresses all necessary elements maples for fall: 4! Tolerate heavy clay soils and even occasionally wet soils eyes to your landscape looking for color!, obtained by crossing red maple is a brilliant red or silver maples fruit are winged seeds pairs! Services from our Menomonee Falls headquarters heat and drought, A. nigrum in both public and private spaces popular well... To orange to red maples is not a problem in this guarantee trees that they be. Around the world makes a positive impact on peoples lives does n't mean the spectacular display wo n't return future.

WebSienna glen maple trees display fall color sooner than autumn blaze maples. WebAutumn Fantasy Maple is a Freeman Maple cultivar with rapid growth, good branch angles, consistent red fall color, and a wide site tolerance. The branches are quite strong and can withstand a relatively wide canopy of foliage. This looks especially beautiful in the fall.

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