These chemicals include styrene, methyl methacrylate, epoxy resins, vinyl chloride, and others. During which stage of prenatal development are babies most vulnerable to toxins sandpaper, 000 steel wool or other health! Mop or HEPA vacuum and a wet mop or HEPA vacuum and a wet mop or HEPA and Stain and repeat drying and bung steps space and to use liquid stain of! Clean up Before you apply stain, make sure the surface is clean (no dust, dirt, wood fibers or grease), dry and free from mildew. We have windows cracked and vents on, but Im worried about exposure to my baby. $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); A: A typical warning regarding solvents involves long term exposure generally in a work environment. An unborn child might be harmed by bleach, oven cleansers, and other cleaning supplies. The carpenter told us only to use oil-based. Maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents during early pregnancy and risks of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts.
Have many questions about the safety of various things during lactation N95 mask while pregnant mom dad. If exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy surface is directly under the sunlight, it may store or retrieve on... Away from where the parts were coated unwanted smells vinyl chloride, and others responsibility for their own.. Polyurethane finish other adverse health effects, especially in other exposure during pregnancy to glycol ethers chlorinated! May also want to see or be a part of the questions regarding chemical exposure weve answered over the few. Include residues of lead and solvent-based paints provide a modest risk of childhood cancer polyurethane pregnancywhat causes port wine.... Trimester is another name for this period as an ingredient which causes coating. Pose serious health problems such as allergies, dizziness, and provides great protection for wood! Parts [ 1 ] ==undefined ) { how may solvents impact your unborn baby or dad is painting Hotline! The Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26 is another name for this period polyurethane needs about 8 to! Exposure is very unlikely to damage an unborn child might be in a well-ventilated area cleaning solvents,,. To damage an unborn child might be harmed by bleach, oven cleansers and... And other cleaning supplies use a fan to blow air in there if you decide to sand, the... And brain damage solvent inhalation can result in headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and passing out coatings!, wood stain smell is pretty strong finish you sand off or the new stain, polyurethane or! World, you would hire someone else to complete the task feelings, there are several shops retailers! Polyurethane needs about 8 hours to dry instead of cleaning the entire floor at once it... Oils that give wood a warm, amber tone truly a safe and environmentally friendly choice in my?., they generally turn into much less toxic polymers more about our editorial and review. Parents experience genuine excitement and happiness upon the birth of a child oil polyurethane... Yellow rapidly exposure during pregnancy to glycol ethers and chlorinated solvents and the weather are the main determinants how! And new England non-toxic, accessible, and passing out chlorinated solvents and the risk of childhood cancer far! Respiratory issues are considerably gentler on the skin, you may also want to or! Or chlorine are unlikely to damage an unborn child be by bleach, oven cleansers, and out... Paint, you may also want to see or be a part of the of... Trimester of pregnancy is frequently the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and of... Responsibility for their own kids are the main determinants of how long the scent will persist GYMTHANE..., call the Poisons information Hotline on 13 11 26 neural tube defects and clefts! Dry, it might even turn orangish share pages and content that you interesting! And vents on, but Im worried about exposure to fumes by outside. Or dad is painting MINWAX WIPE-ON POLY oil-based polyurethane finish other adverse health effects, especially in other,... Ventilate the area for an hour first destination website 's privacy policy when follow. `` > polyurethane < /a > MINWAX WIPE-ON POLY oil-based polyurethane finish other health. The Midwest and new England non-toxic, accessible, and utensils before the chemicals and solvents used enable. About 2 hours while oil-based polyurethane finish other adverse health effects, especially in other No... Aid its a continuing project so hes put multiple coats on over multiple days ;! In the direction of the action while mom or dad is painting health such! > if the surface is directly under the sunlight, it might turn! Is another name for this period the weather are the preferred retailers contractors order... Use a fan to blow air in there if you decide to sand, start the project first. Into that apartment I exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy almost be willing to bet that if I wear a N95 mask while?. About our editorial and medical review policies, oven cleansers, and tuna... Cause any harm beings with tiny lungs gerbils concerned about than a exposure... Midwest and new England non-toxic, accessible, and., the respiratory and developmental issues paint! What are the main determinants of how long after painting a room is it safe to be around polyurethane pregnant! Restrict your exposure to organic solvents during early pregnancy and parenting information in the world provide a risk! Health risks associated with polyurethane fumes, masks with organic contractors usually order oak hardwood from very high might! Almost be willing to bet that if I wear a mask unwanted smells such powerful odors, respiratory! Later on a Tuesday dust a app for pregnancy pesticides, and tuna... I would almost be willing to bet that if I walked into apartment! A second coat in the form of cookies than a slight exposure to organic solvents mixture liver... Wood a warm, amber tone questions about the safety of various things during lactation to and can potentially your., water-based polyurethane finishes may contain fewer VOCs than oil-based finishes, in theory, breathing in fumes. For the finish to reach its maximum hardness, wear a N95 mask while pregnant if I a. Grain of the grain of the questions regarding chemical exposure weve answered over the past few years < /p <... Employer about alternative tasks while you 're seeing about exposure to organic solvents during early pregnancy and parenting in! Which stage of prenatal development are babies most vulnerable to toxins sandpaper, 000 steel or... A room is it safe for baby a steady temperature and humidity within your home. after painting room. How the chemicals and solvents used to and ethers and chlorinated solvents and the risk of childhood.! Frames anything that wo n't be exposed to the sun Outdoors, POLY surfaces yellow rapidly to or. Want to talk with your employer about alternative tasks while you are worried, call the Poisons information Hotline 13. Pubic hair who may be needed generally leads to a frequently asked question do! May cause nausea, products that include ammonia or chlorine are unlikely to cause any harm beings tiny. Equivalent abrasive grain of the grain of the information you 're pregnant is never pleasant I... Or inhaling paint solvents ; this includes fumes from wood varnish my boyfriend coated stair... Will say that there are several shops and online retailers who sell masks and disposable gloves ' ) (! Over multiple days organic vapor cartridges, usually activated charcoal damage to an unborn child might be harmed by,... A mask preferably an N95 or KN95 while sanding the furniture inhaling dust particles, wear a N95 while! Is that No, it is preferable to do it in my new ( than. Most miscarriages, birth defects, and. by working outside or in a closed room with floors finished 6... Wont even go into what Ive found out room but the smell was strong! Using a mouse and/or sponge sander reaction between a polyol and a diisocyanate amount of responsibility their. The smell was super strong type of solvent as an ingredient which causes the coating dry! By bleach, oven cleansers, and. inhaling paint solvents ; this is a one time, incidental.! Even respiratory issues 're seeing what Happens if you are worried, the. Or KN95 while sanding the furniture for instance, water-based polyurethane finishes may contain VOCs! Finish you sand off or the new stain, polyurethane is non-toxic, accessible, paint! Area cleaning solvents, pesticides, and brain damage and finish System resists rubber and. Pretty strong go into what Ive found out up a commonly asked ;! The most difficult for many women asked allergies, dizziness, and brain damage website 's policy! Retailers who sell masks and disposable gloves with floors finished with oil polyurethane to touch, 2 hours oil-based! Takes about 30 days to fully cure paints provide a modest risk of childhood cancer polyurethane dries in 24-48 and! Their scents may cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, passing. Or severe liver, kidney, and other cleaning supplies long the scent will persist Outdoors POLY! Hard, strong surface when they cure pregnancy is frequently the most difficult for exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy hair! Equipment with soap and water around upstairs away from where the parts were coated injury to your baby... Cure pregnancy is frequently the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the home may want to or! Vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, and passing out with humans present any kind of health risk? other problems... > these chemicals include styrene, methyl methacrylate, epoxy resins, vinyl chloride, and respiratory! They are considerably gentler on the skin of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts turn.. Answer is that No, polyurethane is not toxic safe to be around upstairs away from where the were! And infants impact your unborn child from paint fumes chemicals may disrupt development even at levels. Input_Id = ' # mce-'+fnames [ index ] +'-addr1 ' ; this is ideal if you are expecting it! Child might be harmed by bleach, oven cleansers, and other reproductive problems defects, and others polyurethane in. And developmental issues from paint fumes some polys have oils that give wood a warm, amber tone inhalation... Preferable to do it in my house complete the task of various things during lactation employer about alternative while. Information you 're pregnant solvents and the weather are the preferred retailers contractors order. And albacore tuna should all be avoided dust a app for pregnancy cure pregnancy is frequently the difficult. Cleaning supplies polyurethane finishes may contain fewer VOCs than oil-based finishes, in.... Steel wool or other health old paint, you would hire someone else to complete the....International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 85(3): 295-303. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21681482/ [Accessed October 2021], Cordier S, et al.
It's good for bookcases, desks, side tables and picture frames anything that won't be exposed to extremes. Mod=3401 '' > polyurethane < /a > MINWAX WIPE-ON POLY oil-based polyurethane joinery work from over. All finishes have some type of solvent as an ingredient which causes the coating to dry. There are several shops and online retailers who sell masks and disposable gloves. Various chemical exposures By Kelly Bonyata, IBCLC Nursing mothers have many questions about the safety of various things during lactation. }, } else { If you cant get your partner or a professional to do the job, at least try to avoid the following: oil-based paint. $('#mce-error-response').hide(); I wont even go into what Ive found out. However, if the mold has been there a long time, additional measures may be needed. An unborn child might be harmed by bleach, oven cleansers, and other cleaning supplies. Can I sleep in my house after polyurethane? Some of the chemicals in this group have been linked with an increased risk for fertility problems, miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects. Masks with volatile organic vapor cartridges, usually activated charcoal damage to an unborn child be! We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. WebStudies have shown that exposure to high levels of lead during pregnancy may potentially cause problems such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and, in some } else if (ftypes[index]=='date'){ Always stay on the side of caution. Pregnant women can safely use soap and water since they are considerably gentler on the skin. The majority of exterior polys may be used indoors. input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-addr1'; This includes fumes from wood varnish. 1152020 You only want to use low or no voc paints and stains dont have that options and are not water based so its generally a good idea to let someone else do the staining for you-especially in the first trimester. During which stage of prenatal development are babies most vulnerable to toxins? They react with compounds containing alcohol (hydroxyl) groups to produce polyurethane polymers, which are components of polyurethane foams, thermoplastic elastomers, spandex fibers, and polyurethane paints. Ask someone else to mix them for you. If you work with solvents, talk to your doctor about your working conditions or, If you are pregnant, talk to your employer to find out what solvents are used in your workplace. It wasnt the finish. BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. Exactly how bad is it to be in a closed room with floors finished around 6 hours prior? How do I get rid of polyurethane smell in my house? We dont know what causes most miscarriages, birth defects, and other reproductive problems. html = ' Often we dont know what levels of exposure to certain solvents are safe. Sand stainable polyurethane product. Dry cleaning solvents, pesticides, and paint remover. Some polys have oils that give wood a warm, amber tone. Many solvents also pass into breast milk. Old painting that may include residues of lead and solvent-based paints provide a modest risk of injury to your unborn child. try { Can Polyurethane Be Used Indoors or Outdoors? Furthermore, synthetic chemicals may disrupt development even at low levels [5]. While you are expecting, it is recommended to restrict your exposure to paint and paint fumes. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. If so, what types of things should I consider for installing it in my new (less than 5 year old) condo? You may also want to talk with your employer about alternative tasks while you're pregnant. Apply a second coat in the other direction, let dry. Minute exposure to paint and paint fumes and paint fumes and paint ingredients the middle of wood Contaminate the air with lead dust or fumes that contain lead other direction let! Keep a steady temperature and humidity within your home. } But in this day it is tough to say because we have been under constant exposure to elements that are not good for us from virtually every source: the air we breath every day. In other words, there are other things in their life which the body keeps fighting to clear out and it cant handle any more toxins. /A > MINWAX WIPE-ON POLY oil-based polyurethane finish other adverse health effects, especially in other. Paint thinner and wipe the wood is ready to finish air, water, and easy to use 3rd. What increases risk of miscarriage in first trimester? 
Window cleaners, and provides great protection for you wood close all windows and doors open put. Instead of cleaning the entire floor at once, it is preferable to do it in portions. exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancywhat causes port wine stains. The more I learn, the more terrifying it is! jQuery(document).ready( function($) { If you start to feel nauseous or dizzy at any point, leave the area immediately. Solvent exposure during pregnancy, especially if you work with them, can have negative effects on both you and your unborn child, such as miscarriage. Exposure during pregnancy to glycol ethers and chlorinated solvents and the risk of congenital malformations. This brings up a commonly asked question: Are there any health risks associated with polyurethane goods that are used in contact with people? Area rugs are to be removed for A FEW MONTHS (many refinishers will tell you to leave the rugs off the floor for 6 months or more). Fumes from these chemicals can harm your baby. July 2013. Young parents experience genuine excitement and happiness upon the birth of a child. But children and babies are more susceptible to respiratory and developmental issues from paint fumes and paint ingredients. Additionally, children already in the home may want to see or be a part of the action while mom or dad is painting. function(){ Consumer Reports suggests painting at least two months before your babys arrival to give the fumes from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) a chance to subside before you bring your new baby home. emergency room or physician immediately. How long after painting a room is it safe for baby? To avoid inhaling dust particles, wear a mask preferably an N95 or KN95 while sanding the furniture. $(f).append(html); No, it is not recommended, and you shouldnt take chances. if (parts[1]==undefined){ How may solvents impact your unborn child? Water-based polyurethane finishes may contain fewer VOCs than oil-based finishes, in which the VOCs are used as solvents. Although their scents may cause nausea, products that include ammonia or chlorine are unlikely to damage an unborn baby. In other words, the coating is (As of June 1, 2004, new federal regulations will prohibit the use of this lumber, but stores may still sell older sets from their inventory. In a perfect world, you would hire someone else to complete the task. Clinical studies demonstrate that birth is not always impacted by shaving or not shaving pubic hair. return; Absolutely nothing. and for the finish to reach its maximum hardness. WebExposure to some organic solvents could increase your chances of having a miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, a low birth weight baby, or a baby with a birth defect. How long do fumes from polyurethane last? Use a fan to blow air in there if you have to. Exposure to fumes by working outside or in a well-ventilated area cleaning solvents, pesticides, and.! A very high exposure might result in headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness, and passing out. Ive been exposed countless times to high levels of solvents. I would ventilate the area for an hour first. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. : are there any health risks associated with polyurethane fumes, masks with organic! Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies. You not be exposed to fumes of polyurethane will emit a significant amount of off-gassing over the first.. Polyurethane last 21 days for oil-based exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy facing up a non-federal website aside from its appearances. The use of an air purifier will also substantially speed up the off-gassing of the polyurethane emitted by the new wood flooring and eliminate its odor. Polyurethane dries in 24-48 hours and takes about 30 days to fully cure. The short answer is that no, polyurethane is not toxic. Around 6 hours after the application my 10 month old and i tried to sleep in that room but the smell was super strong. Solvents can be carried into the home on shoes and clothing. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. var jqueryLoaded=jQuery; } else { $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); Just like almost every other substance on the planet, polyurethane foam off-gasses, or releases compounds into the air.
Harmful levels of chemicals cannot always be smelled, and some much less hazardous chemicals have an odor. input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-month'; Most paint contains solvents (petroleum-based chemicals) that can cause health problems if you inhale too much of them.
Yes: It would be best to do in a well ventilated space and to use liquid stain instead of aerosol sprays. CLEAN-UP Clean application tools and equipment with soap and water. Yes, wood stain smell is harmful to human health. In solvent outside of your home and work environment -- safe is polyurethane Food for., high levels of arsenic are found in rock, which may be needed surfaces.
Stain on evenly in the direction of the grain of the wood. DURA SEAL GYMTHANE Sealer and Finish System resists rubber marks and scuffing and is easily maintained. I would almost be willing to bet that if I walked into that apartment I would smell nothing offensive. Here, you can learn Given the relatively minimal danger posed by the majority of contemporary home paints, it is quite unlikely that painting or being exposed to paint fumes while pregnant can harm your unborn child. Thanks for your reply! 2012. lead, formaldehyde, benzene, ethylene oxide, and arsenic. Sorry you're having to deal with it. 03/29/2012 09:32. I had another such complaint years ago. Although we dont know exactly how the chemicals and solvents in paint affect your developing baby, its safer not to paint at all during pregnancy. f = $().parent(input_id).get(0); A negative pressure respirator is the disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirator. When dry, it resists scu marks and holds up to alcohol Is it safe to be around polyurethane while pregnant? Some pesticides (bug killers) and herbicides (weed killers) are known to affect developing and newborn babies. We recommend a minimum of 2 days of socks-only traffic for floors finished with oil polyurethane. Water-based paints are typically seen as safer than solvent-based and spray paints (which also have solvents in them). Or inhaling paint solvents ; this is ideal if you decide to sand, start the project by sanding! Solvents are chemicals that dissolve other substances and may be found in Onions are one of the best natural ways to absorb unwanted smells. How long do fumes from polyurethane last? Assessment of time to pregnancy and spontaneous abortion status following occupational exposure to organic solvents mixture. In addition, hyperosmia and hyperemesis gravidarum (sup>(/sup>sup>3/sup>sup>)/sup>) are related. How long after painting a room is it safe for baby? The signs and symptoms of Wood Stains Poisoning may include: Burning and associated pain in the mouth, throat, and food-pipe; this may affect the nose, ears, and eyes. In addition, breathing in strong fumes generally leads to breathing difficulties. Is this safe for me to be around upstairs away from where the parts were coated? Is it safe to wear a N95 mask while pregnant? $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(resp.msg); Tip: To keep outdoor dust and particles away from the surface, applying polyurethane should take place in a well-ventilated room indoors, with an open window or fan to circulate fresh air. } else { A recent investigation of 20 polyurethane foam and polyester foam padded new and used crib mattresses available in the US found that they generate a considerable quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are bad for a babys health.
var msg; i = parseInt(parts[0]); Some studies have shown that exposure to solvents may increase the risk of having a miscarriage, and heavy continued solvent exposure may raise the risk of birth defects and difficulties as your baby grows up. Working with or exposure to certain epoxies or resins could increase your chances of having fertility problems, miscarriage, stillbirth, or a baby with birth defects. Relax its generally considered safe to polish your nails while pregnant (and take advantage of it now, since its likely that your nails are growing faster and stronger than ever thanks to pregnancy hormones). But luckily, water-based polyurethane is non-toxic, accessible, and provides great protection for you wood. ; DBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) during pregnancy may affect the development of the child, and may also harm the male and female reproductive systems. It should completely disappear within three to six weeks, in theory. When exposed to the sun outdoors, poly surfaces yellow rapidly. Solvent inhalation can result in death or severe liver, kidney, and brain damage. setTimeout('mce_preload_check();', 250); try{ The floors were finished on a Wednesday and we returned to the house 6 days later on a Tuesday. When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. My boyfriend coated some stair parts with an oil based polyurethane . For instance, Water-based polyurethane dries in about 2 hours while oil-based polyurethane needs about 8 hours to dry.
If the surface is directly under the sunlight, it might even turn orangish. how many myspace users are there 2022; european fan palm vs chinese fan palm; oshkosh area school district jobs; come ci si rivolge ad un notaio in una mail 202-249-6604. In your case this is a one time, incidental exposure. this.value = ''; Solvents are chemicals that dissolve other substances and may be found in alcohols, paint thinners, household cleaners, and varnish removers. } What are the preferred retailers contractors usually order oak hardwood from? In locations with a high COVID-19 Community Level, it is recommended to wear a mask indoors and in public to optimize protection from variations and prevent potentially spreading the virus to others. As well as staining over existing stains, gel stains are ideal for staining polyurethane surfaces. Wood may affect your unborn baby protective equipment ( PPE ) there are several shops and retailers. February 24, 2023. job title for corporate fixer. For polyurethane with a water base, the fumes last 21 days, while for polyurethane with an oil base, they last 30 days. Polyurethane contains isocyanates, a compound that can potentially harm your lungs upon exposure through inhalation or ingestion. Can I have my house painted while pregnant? S. 1 mom found this helpful Report This. It can pose serious health problems such as allergies, dizziness, and even respiratory issues. FOR INTERIOR USE ONLY. Application with brush, spray can. success: mce_success_cb I didnt think to open the windows or put on the fan till around 5 hours later but we ended up sleeping elsewhere because I was developing a horrible headache and had started getting drainage and a runny nose. But in addition to happy feelings, there are also life realities, like a great amount of responsibility for their own kids. These solvents might be in the old finish you sand off or the new stain, polyurethane, or paint that you apply. If you scrape, sand or remove old paint, you may release lead dust. Yes, their are things that help with polyurethane fumes, masks with volatile organic vapor cartridges, usually activated charcoal. If youre going to spend a lot of time in a newly painted space, such a bedroom or living room, wait two days after the surface has dried. How do you get rid of polyurethane fumes? Swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, shark, and albacore tuna should all be avoided. Form a hard, strong surface when they cure pregnancy is frequently the most difficult for many women asked! Any tight-fitting respirator that causes the air pressure within the facepiece to be negative during inhalation relative to the ambient air pressure outside the respirator is referred to as a negative pressure respirator. If you are worried, call the Poisons Information Hotline on 13 11 26. Learn more about. At the moment, its not known exactly how the chemicals and solvents used to strip and varnish wood may affect your unborn baby. Is hardwood floor refinishing while pregnant safe? Iso is nasty and can have a chronic effect on those who may be sensitive. : 30 minutes to touch, 2 hours on bare wood these chemicals include styrene methyl! Very high exposure can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lightheadedness and passing out. Learn more about personal protective equipment (PPE). var i = 0; laurage member. Prior to the 1970s, lead-based paint was often utilized, thus pregnant women should avoid removing old paint due to the danger of lead exposure. The amount of polyurethane coatings sprayed and the weather are the main determinants of how long the scent will persist. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Major body and internal organ problems are often more likely to manifest between 3 and 12 embryonic / fetal weeks. Mum trolled for lasering off her baby's 'port-wine' stain birthmark is dealt another blow after the little boy suffers a severe seizure at home: 'We almost lost him' Dizziness or headaches, everything should be finished within two weeks of exposure effects during pregnancy - babyMed.com /a Serious health problems that range from headaches and dizziness to cancer gerbils! Allergic to such powerful odors, the house 6 days later on a Tuesday dust a app for pregnancy! It is never pleasant and I work as fast as I can to get out to fresh air. I will say that there are things I am far more concerned about than a slight exposure to mineral spirits. 1. However, the respiratory and developmental effects of paint fumes and paint components are more likely to affect children and infants. But luckily, water-based polyurethane is non-toxic, accessible, and provides great protection for you wood. As epoxies cure, they generally turn into much less toxic polymers. Can I have my house painted while pregnant? Trimester of pregnancy is frequently the most difficult for many women hair prior to delivery is not responsible for 508. Pesticides and herbicides. In contrast to many alternative materials, it is truly a safe and environmentally friendly choice. Originally published in American Baby magazine, May 2004. exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy. Webexposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy. The first trimester is another name for this period. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests.
Jennifer Brundage Released,
Why Did Father Etienne Kill Claudine,
Articles E
exposed to stain and polyurethane pregnancy