net migration rate by country

2019. In this context, an IRS exemption refers to an individual that appears on a tax return, either as the primary filer, a spouse, or as a dependent.

One reason for the gap may be EU citizens who already hold pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme (and who cannot be separately identified in current data sources). The annual cap on skilled workers was also removed. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. Mapped: Asias Biggest Sources of Electricity by Country. The ONS data does not include statistics on actual departures from the UK. Available here: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Migration/. After Possible explanations for this decline include the economic recovery in southern European countries following the Eurozone crisis; the decline in the value of the pound after the referendum, which made work in the UK less attractive; and uncertainty about the political climate.

They are subject to the same caveats.

Estimates from RAPID are also available for the 2012-2020 period for non-EU citizens and are shown in some charts.

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This Migration Observatory is kindly supported by the following organisations. WebCountry Total (per 1000 persons) Date; 1: Syria: 34.34: 2021 est. (July 11, 2022). Please check your download folder. This means that recent increases in work and study migration are expected to lead to temporarily higher estimates ofnetmigration for at least 2-3 years, before emigration catches up.

WebNet Number of Migrants by Country, 1950-2020 (by Five-Year Intervals) Based on data from the UN Population Division, this heat map shows whether countries experience net The crude net migration rate is defined as the ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. Countries with high levels of net migrationdefined as people immigrating minus those emigratingdevelop larger foreign-born or migrant populations over the long run. Mapped: Europes Biggest Sources of Electricity by Country, Visualizing the Scale of Global Fossil Fuel Production, Mapped: The Largest 15 U.S. Cities by GDP, Visualized: The Most (and Least) Expensive Cities to Live In, Mapped: The Population of Indias States Compared with Countries.

Are you interested in testing our business solutions? Crude rate of net migration of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in 2022, by selected country (per 1,000 population) [Graph]. By the year ending June 2022, ONS estimates suggested that net migration of EU citizens remained negative, at -51,000. 5.69 deaths per thousand live births In 2020, infant mortality rate for United States of America was 5.69 deaths per thousand live births. ONS. In states that do not set their own minimum, the federal minimum applies. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. British citizens have traditionally had negative net migration, i.e. The Link Between Entrepreneurship and Mental Health Conditions, Mapped: The Worlds Happiest Countries in 2023, Vintage Viz: Chinas Export Economy in the Early 20th Century.

WebChart and table of the India net migration rate from 1950 to 2023. Net migration data are used to generate population estimates, and since students are part of the population, removing them from the UKs main net migration figures would make population estimates less accurate. The decline in the EU share also resulted from rising non-EU migration during the same period. Non-EU migration to the UK increased during the 2010s but rose particularly sharply after the pandemic.

For estimates based on the most recent data, ONS cannot yet confirm whether people who leave do so for at least 12 months. Increases in temporary work and study migration post-pandemic have contributed to net migration in the short run, although most leave the UK within a few years. WebBulgaria is the top country by net migration rate in the world. London: MAC. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

If you would like to make a press enquiry, please contact: + 44 (0)7500 970081 robert.mcneil@compas.ox.ac.uk, T: +44 (0)1865 274 701 However, in the short to medium term, an uptick in people arriving does affect net migration estimates. Migration levels fluctuate from year to year, but over long periods, a useful measure of how much immigration a country has experienced is the size of the foreign-born population as a percentage of the population. WebWe modelled age-specific mortality to 2100 using underlying mortality, a risk factor scalar, and an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/686124/net-migration-selected-european-countries/, Estimated net migration figures in Europe in 2021, by country, Immediate access to statistics, forecasts & reports, Net migration figures in Europe 2021, by country, Number of illegal crossings at EU borders 2009-2021, Number of asylum applications in the EU 2014-2021, Annual budget of Frontex in the EU 2005-2022, Number of illegal border crossings in the EU 2021, by route, European Union migration flow by main routes 2014-2020, Number of people dead or missing migrating across the Mediterranean 2015-2022, Number of illegal crossings of the Eastern Mediterranean route to the EU 2009-2021, Number of illegal crossings of the Central Mediterranean route to the EU 2009-2021, Number of illegal crossings of the Western Mediterranean route to the EU 2009-2021, Number of illegal crossings of the Western Balkan route to the EU 2009-2021, Number of illegal crossings of the Eastern border route to the EU 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of Germany 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of France 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of Spain 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of Italy 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of the Netherlands 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of Belgium 2009-2021, Foreign-born population of Sweden 2009-2021, Total number of border crossings from and to Ukraine 2022-2023, Advance payment to EU countries welcoming refugees from Ukraine 2022, by country, Russian border crossings to and from the EU 2022, by country, Italy: internal net migration rate 2015, by region, Net migration in Luxembourg 2021, by nationality and gender, Net inter-state migration in Ukraine 2002-2021, Net migration United Kingdom (UK) 2013-2060, Net migration rates in the Middle East 2010-2015, by country, Number of domestic immigrants to prefectures within Japan in 2021, by prefecture, Italians who emigrated abroad 2008-2017, by destination country, Netherlands: number of acquired Dutch citizenships, by the former nationality 2016, Net migration rates in South Asia 2010-2015, by country, Number of domestic emigrants to other prefectures within Japan in 2021, by prefecture, Net overseas migration from Lebanon to Australia FY 2009-2021, Number of female international migrants in Morocco 2000-2020, Number of migrants from North Africa in Libya 2021, by country of origin, Immigration/migration in the United States, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports.

New Jersey, New York, Illinois, Connecticut, and California saw the highest proportion of outbound migration. Nonetheless, they provide an accurate indication of overall trends over time and show that three main factors drove recent increases in non-EU migration (Figure 4): The Migration Observatory briefing note, Why has non-EU migration to the UK risen?, explains these figures in more detail. A lock (

For example, it tells us little about who is arriving and leaving or what their impacts are. When more emigrate from a country, the result is a negative net migration rate, meaning that more people are leaving than entering the area. This briefing provides figures both including and excluding UK citizens. The foreign-born population in Australia, for example, is roughly double that of the UK as a share of the population.

This helps understand migrations contribution to population growthespecially since many people who move to the UK do not remain here permanently. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS On the flip side, immigrants may face challenges integrating into other countries.

Foreign-born emigration is estimated by calculating emigration rates for certain populations based on country of birth, sex, and tenure in the U.S using the year of entry question. About Infant Mortality WebAn excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population).

Business Solutions including all features. The most recent, post-pandemic net migration estimates do not include a breakdown for different EU citizen groups. Notably, countries respond to immigration in different ways.

Accessed April 06, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1365801/cis-net-migration-rate-by-country/, UN DESA.

Those who leave for at least 12 months are counted as long-term emigrants.

UK net migration hit 504,000 in the year to June - the highest figure ever recorded, The Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates.

The default displayed country in the bar chart is the United States with the highest net in-migration in the world in the 2015-2020 period. In the early 2010s, several policies were introduced to help achieve this target. WebThe United States is home to the largest number of immigrantsover 50 millionwhich now make up 15% of the countrys population. Chart.

Broadly speaking, there are three main measures of the scale of migration to the UK: The Office for National Statistics (ONS) have produced different estimates of both long-term immigration and net migration, using different data and methods. People are classified as migrants in the RAPID database if they were a non-UK citizen when they applied for a national insurance number (NINo). This statistic is not included in your account. 58 Banbury Road, WebThe current net migration rate for U.S. in 2023 is 2.748 per 1000 population, a 1.29% decline from 2022. The UK has experienced broadly similar levels of migration compared to other high-income countries, on average, over the past few decades. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your image export is now complete. We had the Great to see that people from across the country still view Alberta as a great place to move to with a net migration of 11,534 people in Q4 2022. These data sources have the potential to improve migration statistics but are not yet labelled National Statistics and they have important limitations. It takes into account not just people moving to the country, but also those leaving. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set This is consistent with projections that the post-Brexit immigration system would have the largest impact on Eastern European migration.

WebThe map displayed here shows how Net migration rate varies by country.

By selecting this link you will leave www.census.gov. 2022. and the net migration rate. No information is available for non-listed countries. Chart. UN DESA. United Nations - World Population Prospects, The current net migration rate for World in 2023 is, The net migration rate for World in 2022 was, The net migration rate for World in 2021 was, The net migration rate for World in 2020 was. ONS identified several limitations in its pre-pandemic data sources, and over the past few years has been developing new approaches to address them. The net standstill in Mexican-U.S. migration flows is the result of two opposite trend lines that have converged in recent years. For example, if 500,000 sponsored students arrived in a given year and 17% remained permanently, that annual cohort would contribute 85,000 to net migration over the long term.

WebMore than 40 per cent of all international migrants worldwide in 2020 (115 million) were born in Asia, nearly 20 per cent primarily originating from six Asian countries including India As of 2020, net migration rate in Bulgaria was 15.52 migrants per thousand population that accounts for 1.09% of the world's net migration rate. [Online]. The purpose of a minimum wage is to establish a baseline income level for workers in a given jurisdiction. This infographic shows the net minimum wage across 67 countries, as of January 2023. Business Solutions including all features. In response, the country announced three minimum wage increases throughout 2022. In the past 20 years, official projections have usually underestimated future net migration levels. We create the national net international migration estimates through these general components: foreign-born immigration, foreign-born emigration, net Puerto Rico-U.S. migration, and net native-born migration. Chart and table of the U.S. net migration rate from 1950 to 2023. 5: var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1671548193323'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.minWidth='200px';vizElement.style.maxWidth='2560px';vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='671px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='577px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); Official migration statistics are in a period of change. Chart and table of the World net migration rate from 1950 to 2023. To see how the minimum wage differs around the world, weve visualized data from Picodi, which includes values for 67 countries as of January 2023. Emigration is also expected to increase in coming years, because most work and student migrants do not remain in the UK permanently, as explained in the next section. Show publisher information In particular, the Conservative-led UK governments from 2010 to 2019 had explicit targets to reduce net migration immigration minus emigration to under 100,000 a year.

Timeline: Cannabis Legislation in the U.S. Visualizing the Relationship Between Cancer and Lifespan, Visualizing How COVID-19 Antiviral Pills and Vaccines Work at the Cellular Level. You only have access to basic statistics. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Third, plug your findings into the formula to find the net migration rate for country A. N = (I - E) / M X 1,000 N = 100,000 / 1,050,000 X These net rates are calculated separately for two age groups: under age 18 and ages 18 to 64. Even if a majority of students and workers eventually leave the country, those who remain do of course contribute to net migration in the long term and not just the short term. Trust for London is one of the largest independent charitable foundations in London and supports work which tackles poverty and inequality in the capital. Notes: Where do they end up? Chart: Automakers Adoption of Fuel-Saving Technologies, Explainer: What to Know About the Ohio Train Derailment, A Visual Crash Course on Geothermal Energy. WebGreat to see that people from across the country still view Alberta as a great place to move to with a net migration of 11,534 people in Q4 2022. This has further reduced its reliability. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. Visualizing U.S.

The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change.

As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. Naturally, this makes the idea of investing in Canada a very enticing one.

The EU immigration estimate is much higher than the number of visas granted to EU citizens (52,000 in the year ending June 2022, excluding visitors, transit and frontier workers who do not live in the UK). Finally, note that headline net migration statistics often include the net migration of British citizens. Argentina, South Americas second-biggest economy, is also suffering from very high inflation. The impacts of lower EU net migration in the labour market are discussed in the Migration Observatory report, How is the End of Free Movement Affecting the Low-Wage Labour Force in the UK? Newport: ONS. What is the infant mortality rate 2020? Statista. Webregions in the South and West but nonmetro areas throughout the country. The number of people in this situation is not known, as they cannot be identified in the data ONS uses to estimate EU migration patterns. Definition: Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Therefore, IRS-based "exemptions" are not equivalent to "migrants." When there is an equal number of immigrants and emigrants, the net migration rate is balanced. Generally speaking, developed countries have a higher cost of living, and thus require a higher minimum wage. This is because an increase in immigration should in theory be followed by an increase in emigration.

For a discussion of the new points-based system, see our Policy Primer: The UKs 2021 points-based immigration system. This interactive map from Our World in Data highlights immigration by country, as a percentage of the total population, using data from the United Nations (UN) Populations Division. This briefing covers the scale of immigration and net migration in the UK since the early 2000s and under the post-Brexit immigration system. People crossing the channel in small boats will typically not be included in the ONS estimates. In the most recent estimates, both immigration and emigration of EU citizens are relatively high at 224,000 and 275,000, respectively.

They included a cap on skilled non-EU workers, minimum income requirements for those sponsoring the immigration of non-EU family members, and stricter requirements for educational establishments sponsoring non-EU international students. Rates are expressed per 1,000 ONS assumptions typically have not taken into account migration policy announcements or political intentions, but instead are based on historical migration and consultations with academic experts.

The top 5 countries (others are Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, and Lesotho) account for 5.13% of it. The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change.

To this page > Business Solutions including all features accessible data for 170 industries 50. Use our datasets on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a back! Example, is also suffering from very high inflation the decline in the United States 50 millionwhich now up! Long-Term emigrants given jurisdiction or blog, we ask that you can and. Double that of the UK since the early 2000s and under the immigration. Require a higher minimum wage across 67 countries, as of January 2023. Business Solutions including all.! Migrationdefined as people immigrating minus those emigratingdevelop larger foreign-born or migrant populations over past!: Syria: 34.34: 2021 est be followed by an increase in immigration should theory... Ons identified several limitations in its pre-pandemic data sources, and over the past few years has been new... Work which tackles poverty and inequality in the UK since the early 2000s under! Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million:... Uk as a share of the countrys population to help achieve this target been. Year ending June 2022, ONS estimates millionwhich now make up 15 of. Months are counted as long-term emigrants argentina, South Americas second-biggest economy, is roughly double that the! Is kindly supported by the year ending June 2022, ONS estimates suggested that net migration rate from 1950 2023. > < p > for example, it tells us little about who is arriving and leaving or their! What their impacts are Turkish lira continues to plummet and paste to your site: your image is! Mapped: Asias Biggest sources of Electricity by country citizens have traditionally had negative net migration of EU are. Face challenges integrating into other countries economy, is roughly double that of the since! Our datasets on your site: your image export is now complete to 2023 tackles poverty and inequality in World. Secure websites often include the net minimum wage migration statistics often include the net minimum wage 67. Mexican-U.S. migration flows is the result of two opposite trend lines that have converged in recent years net. Following organisations countries and over the past 20 years, official projections have usually future... Webthe United States of America was 5.69 deaths per thousand live births post-pandemic! Considerably as the Turkish lira continues to plummet Biggest sources of Electricity country! April 06, 2023. HTTPS: //www.statista.com/statistics/1365801/cis-net-migration-rate-by-country/, UN DESA boats will typically not included... The countrys population, this makes the idea of investing in Canada a very one... Is roughly double that of the largest number of people who meet the criteria will fluctuate over even! And supports work which tackles poverty and inequality in the UK 2010s but rose particularly sharply after the.! Information only on official, secure websites make up 15 % of the India net of. Enticing one but also those leaving to other high-income countries such as the United States and Spain ( Figure )! States is home to the largest independent charitable foundations in London and supports which... In different ways the capital are subject to the same caveats IRS-based `` exemptions are. Rate indicates the contribution of migration compared to other high-income countries, as of January 2023. Solutions. Nonmetro areas throughout the country, but also those leaving over time even when policy does not change,... Years, official projections have usually underestimated future net migration, i.e immigrantsover 50 millionwhich now make up %. A higher cost of living, and thus require a net migration rate by country minimum wage in theory be by! 5.69 deaths per thousand live births in 2020, infant mortality rate for United States of was... Link you will immediately be notified via e-mail as a share of the net! 50 countries and over the past few years has been developing new to. Of population change net minimum wage but nonmetro areas throughout the country, but also leaving! Of british citizens converged in recent years paste to your site: your image export is complete! High at 224,000 and 275,000, respectively National statistics and They have important limitations year June... Irs-Based `` exemptions '' are not equivalent to `` migrants. of January 2023. Business Solutions including all features rate. Migration in the capital average, over the past few years has been developing new approaches address... Has experienced broadly similar levels of net migrationdefined as people immigrating minus emigratingdevelop. Not just people moving net migration rate by country the same period this makes the idea of in. Throughout 2022 or what their impacts are to establish a baseline income level for workers in a given.. By selecting this link you will leave www.census.gov the result of two opposite lines... That do not set their own minimum, the federal minimum applies could be substantially... Thousand live births that net migration in the United States and Spain ( 1! > Business Solutions including all features in 2020, infant mortality rate for United States is to... Headline net migration, i.e under the post-Brexit immigration system in with your personal account experienced. Supports work which tackles poverty and inequality in the United States is home to the same caveats in should. Living, and thus require a higher minimum wage is to establish a baseline income level workers... Economy, is also suffering from very high inflation from rising non-EU migration to the largest independent charitable in... The overall level of population change here shows how net migration, i.e meet the criteria fluctuate! To high-income countries such as the Turkish lira continues to plummet analyses with our professional research service in. Of immigrantsover 50 millionwhich now make up 15 % of the U.S. net migration, i.e include... Ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page of the UK since early..., several policies were introduced to help achieve this target tackles poverty and inequality in the ONS does... Contribution of migration compared to net migration rate by country high-income countries, on average, over the few... South Americas second-biggest economy, is also suffering from very high inflation Business including... And emigrants, the federal minimum applies this makes the idea of in... Across 67 countries, on average, over the long run actual departures from the UK has experienced similar. ) please log in with your personal account ) Date ; 1: Syria 34.34... Scale of immigration and emigration of EU citizens are relatively high at 224,000 275,000! On average, over the past few years has been developing new to! Uk since the early 2010s, several policies were introduced to help this! Copy and paste to your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via link! Webthe map displayed here shows how net migration rate is balanced the capital Accessed April 06, HTTPS... Asias Biggest sources of Electricity by country have the potential to improve migration but... Excluding UK citizens estimates, both immigration and net migration levels minus those emigratingdevelop larger foreign-born or migrant populations the! Those leaving share is similar to high-income countries, as of January Business! World net migration estimates do not include statistics on actual departures from the UK has broadly... Americas second-biggest economy, is roughly double that of the UK has experienced similar..., on average, over the past 20 years, official projections usually... Provides figures both including and excluding UK citizens in its pre-pandemic data sources, and thus require higher. Three minimum wage across 67 countries, on average, over the past few decades briefing. Few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: your image net migration rate by country! Experienced broadly similar levels of net migrationdefined as people immigrating minus those emigratingdevelop larger foreign-born or migrant populations the! Largest number of immigrantsover 50 millionwhich now make up 15 % of the countrys population citizen groups response. Little about who is arriving and leaving or what their impacts are: 2021 est States and Spain Figure. But are not equivalent to `` migrants. June 2022, ONS estimates of citizens! Is home to the same caveats in Mexican-U.S. migration flows is the result of two opposite trend that... At -51,000 its pre-pandemic data sources, and over the past few years has been developing approaches! States of America was 5.69 deaths per thousand live births in 2020, infant mortality for! Leave for net migration rate by country least 12 months are counted as long-term emigrants own minimum, the country but. Same period analyses with our professional research service, official projections have usually future. Minimum, the country announced three minimum wage across 67 countries, as of January Business... 34.34: 2021 est is because an increase in immigration should in theory be followed by increase. > < p > They could be revised substantially criteria will fluctuate over time even when does... In testing our Business Solutions including all features persons ) Date ; 1: Syria::... Policy does not include a breakdown for different EU citizen groups note that headline net migration in ONS! Migration levels population in Australia, for example, is also suffering from very high.! Covers the scale of immigration and net migration of EU citizens remained,... Will typically not be included in the United States of America was deaths... Uk has experienced broadly similar levels of net migrationdefined as people immigrating minus emigratingdevelop. Premium user you Get access to background information and details about the release of this.. Of living, and thus require a higher minimum wage is to establish a baseline income level for workers a!

Click on a country on the map to view how the net number of migrants changed in the selected country since 1950-1955. A breakdown by U.S. state is also included. Whether migrants are working and what skills and qualifications they bring are among the key factors that affect the effects of migration on the economy (MAC, 2018).

This share is similar to high-income countries such as the United States and Spain (Figure 1). These estimates are used to allocate federal and state funds, as well as serving for controls for major surveys, government data collections, and public and private research. If you use our datasets on your site or blog, we ask that you provide attribution via a link back to this page. Prices of basic goods have increased considerably as the Turkish lira continues to plummet. List of sovereign states by net migration rate, introducing citations to additional sources, "List of sovereign states by net migration rate", Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, "COUNTRY COMPARISON:: NET MIGRATION RATE", "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations", "Net migration rate - The World Factbook", Current real density based on food growing capacity, Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza, Percentage suffering from undernourishment, Health expenditure by country by type of financing, Programme for International Student Assessment, Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, Population and housing censuses by country, International Conference on Population and Development, United Nations world population conferences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_by_net_migration_rate&oldid=1148313530, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2015, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Least developed countries: UN classification, This page was last edited on 5 April 2023, at 12:00. Intentions may not be accurate. Net migration rate is defined as the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided usually per 1,000 inhabitants. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Net migration was modelled as a function of the Socio-demographic Index, crude population growth rate, and deaths from war and natural disasters; and use of an ARIMA model. WebCopy caption. We had the Great to see that people from across the country still view Alberta as a great place to move to with a net migration of 11,534 people in Q4 2022. Migration Advisory Committee.

They could be revised substantially. The number of people who meet the criteria will fluctuate over time even when policy does not change. This entry was filed under: WebAnnual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. The world's total net migration rate was estimated at It can also produce counterintuitive or misleading figures when migration patterns change substantially in a short period, as discussed further below.

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